How Technology Has Changed Law Enforcement Criminology Essay

How Technology Has Changed Law Enforcement Criminology EssayThe purpose of this youngsprint is to discover how applied science has varietyd the role of legal philosophy inflictment power and how disgusts and criminals energize changed since the days of the Roman Empire. The objective is to show the advancements in engine room that ordain aid our righteousness enforcement agencies and guard in fighting crime and to stop crime before it happens.This paper explains how the role of patrol incumbent has slowly changed up until the twenty- prime(prenominal) vitamin C. Since the year 2000, e actuallything has been quickly changing. New technologies cast arrive at tolerated criminals with a all told b atomic number 18-assed class of crimes and begin overly make it extremely knockout for them to get caught. At the same time, new technologies have been developed to cooperate equity enforcement fight against this new class of crime and criminal. The problem is that the new high-tech criminals ar ahead in the fight.Although there has been a shorten of consolidating rectitude enforcement agencies, over the years, there is still a large rampart to the bringing close in concert. M both enunciates have merged agencies and have become much high-octane in the way of service that m both to a greater extent a slow to unfeignedize the benefits of merging when it comes to fighting globalized crimes.Government agencies, such as the FBI, CIA, and Homeland Security seem to have an endless put up of monetary mental imagery that they can use to obtain the ways and authority to fight twenty-first century crime. Terrorism is their main concern. Those at the federal level argon attempting to merge efforts with take and topical anesthetic constabulary enforcement agencies. Not much turn up was found to show that the federal government agencies ar providing the lower levels of law enforcement with much needed funds.How does the role of natural law military officer need to change in ordain to adequately protect our citizens from 21st century crimes and criminals?Chapter 2 History of Law EnforcementFrom the time when the outgrowth of society prototypic began, about sort of law enforcement existed to defend the community against violence and crime and to hold in rulers in command. Even in the Biblical era, there were armed someonenel enlisted to uphold the peacefulness. In ancient Egypt, a pharaoh reined over the land and his legions of soldiers pursued the Israelites through the Red Sea. There were other similar civilizations similar the Babylonians, the Syrians, and the Palestinians, just to name a fewer (Uchida, 1993).The most well constituted of all military armies was the Roman Empire. The Romans had an incredibly efficient and brutal direction of law enforcement that was ceremonious in order to uphold peace and enforce order. The Roman citizens never actually had an authentic practice of law force, it wasnt until clan chiefs and state leaders were required to protect their lot, back in the 5th century that law of temper force forces were established (Uchida, 1993).London was first to hire and pay keepers of the peace back in 1663. The idea quickly spread passim the U.K. In June of 1800, Scotland established the Glasgow city guard department. Glasgow constabulary were the first trained legal philosophy officers and were proficient in defensive policing. In 1829, Scotlands Parliament passed the Metropolitan patrol Act, establishing the earliest civil natural law force assume that has, over the wear 181 years, has been adopted by m whatsoever other countries, including the U. S. In 1834, Canada established its Toronto guard Force, making it one of the first police agencies in North America. 1939 brought the first full-time police department in U. S., namely, the Boston jurisprudence subdivision (Uchida, 1993).When civic policing was originally established in London in 1829, the guidance was on stopping crime before it started The community and the officials themselves looked upon the goal of policing as the nonexistence of crime. The original police officers in the U.S. were cal direct peace officers nevertheless, a markedly American approach of policing started to transpire in the States subsequent to the ending of the civilian War. As early settlers colonized the West, they realized they had to protect themselves from the natives. This realization led to the development of vigilante groups that were qualified to establish a list of town laws and frequently hired a so called gunfighter to be the townships sheriff in apprehension of adequate protection. Over the decades, the American policing remains of rules changed from rule outing crime to capturing and punishing law breakers. This system of law enforcement has reigned over time and has been adopted by legion(predicate) other countries (Stephens, 2005).The first modern police teams i n America borrowed a great deal from those previously established in England. American law enforcement agencies adopted the strategy of crime deterrence, defensive patrol, and the military directorial plan of the first contemporary police department in London. American policing also borrowed additional elements from the face structure, such as, limitations to the essence of authority bestowed to police officers (Maguire, 1997). The security of individual freedom was greatly stressed in both the U. S. and England, consequently, limits were established on legislative and police authorities. This wasnt the situation in other European nations, where police memorial tablets were allowed a wider range of control and individuals had few personal freedoms (Walker, 1999).Many countries have one central, state-run law enforcement room. The U. S. and England do not. The American structure of law enforcement is controlled at the topical anesthetic, state, and federal levels, with the bul k of departments existence community municipalities. matchless feature of U. S. policing system that was adopted from English heritage is a vastly decentralized and abrupt method of law enforcement. According to 1993 statistics, there ar just round twenty thousand single law enforcement agencies within the U. S. The lack of organization and cooperation between individual law enforcement groups is a common characteristic of the American approach to law enforcement (Maguire et al, 1998).Even though the U.S. adopted the English model of a police force, there argon several differences between the English and U. S. methods of law enforcement. England does not have a powerful political bow over their police agencies, unlike the U.S. and our daunting relationship between administration and policing. In fact, policing in America throughout the 19th century has been depict as being disorganized, unproductive, unprofessional, and extremely corrupt (Walker, 1999).Those were times of h igh turnover of police officers, largely imputable to politics. For this reason, officers were not likely to have buddy-buddy relationships with the neighborhood quite a little. During this time, police officers were notorious for brutality and were highly disrespected by the community. Police corruption led to an increase in violence among the towns people as well and thus resulted in weapon toting policemen (Walker, 1999).The twentieth century brought on major changes to policing in the U. S. Underlying these changes was three main principle forces (Gaines et al, 1999). governmental refine.Modern technologies.The civil rights movement.Early in the 1900s, an extensive social and political movement in the U. S. called Progressivism was bringing aw arness to and calling for derive reform across a wide gamut of societal struggles. Progressives alleged that it was the governments duty to kick upst transports the living conditions of the people. The Progressives demanded laws that would regulation sizeable businesses and corrupt local politics, modifications in drudge laws, and upgrades to the whole of social welfargon run (Walker, 1999).This reform effort was to the professionalization of police officers. The professionalization movement was to reform the ineffective and corrupt police departments that had been created throughout the 19th century. During this era of reform, there was a complete restructuring of police agencies and the role of police officers was redefined. The reformers goal was to eradicate political control, hire workmanlike leaders, and elevate recruiting standards. The reform agenda involved the development of an unbiased customary service administration and the restructuring of police agencies through the utilization of the principles of scientific instruction and the creation of specialized units (Walker, 1999).Table 1Number of Major Events in the Last 40 Years that helped form Law Enforcement into what it is today.1970s1980,s199 0,s21st CenturyCivil Uprising4413101910KKK1100Black Militancy6000Terrorist Attacks1011923Failed Terrorist Attacks53210Intercepted Terrorist Plots00725Chapter 3 Early Technology in Police WorkThe 20th century saw new technology that had a notable pertain on policing in the U. S. Three specific technologies revolutionized policing (Garretson, 2005).The two-party radio.The patrol railway car.The telephone.The two-way radio furnished on duty communication among supervisors and their officers, immediately impacting the character of service to the community. The patrol car was presented in the 1920s and drastically change magnitude the mobility of officers and radically lowered receipt time. The telephone made it possible for people to have a direct connection with the police department (Garretson, 2005).These new technologies also had a few unconstructive consequences. The patrol car marooned the police officers, where previously on foot, the officers were well-known in the neighbo rhood they patrolled and were able to visit with the citizens they came in contact with. The patrol car made law enforcement officers outsiders in their own communities. The telephone seriously increase the patrol officers workload. Individuals commenced telephoning the police department for trivial and private troubles that patrol officers were not accustomed to transaction with. The telephone changed casual civilian contact to personal contact by bringing officers into peoples homes (Garretson, 2005).Chapter 4 Modern Technology in Law EnforcementHere, in the 21st century, technology is advancing in the atomic number 18as of communication, computer systems, weapons, brain wafture sensors, density scanners, amplified realism, biostatistics, vision enhancers, and many much than. Developments in technology forget supply police departments with viable equipment that will greatly improve the effectiveness and power of law enforcement personnel. Scientists within the Counterdrug Te chnology Assessment Center (CTAC) are in operation(p) with government agencies in the development of new technological doodads that are spillage to be utilise by law enforcement agencies (Brandenstein, 2002).One such fount of gadget is called the mini-buster. The mini-buster is a handheld device that senses the density of solid items so as to locate secret compartments that are concealed in the organic structure of a fomite. It can locate hidden compartments that could possibly be utilise to smuggle illegal imports, terrorist devices, and any other prohibited substances (Brandenstein, 2002).Scientists have produced a wireless interoperability system that can connect all federal, state, and local send frequencies. This system guarantees real-time communication for first-responder emergency personnel. To aid law enforcement officers with searches and certify display, scientists have created a non-intrusive freight inspection device that discloses the contents of squiffy cont ainers. This device can also distinguish contents such as drugs, weapons, biological agents, and explosives. This device saves precious time and promises a certain amount of protection to police officers and investigators (Brandenstein, 2001).The scientists at CTAC have also created a television stabilization apparatus that electronically changes worthless, unstable surveillance video into comprehensible, chat up ready evidence. CTAC also supplies federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies with night vision and digital wiretapping devices (Brandenstein, 2002).Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) systems are built-in photographic camera selective informationbases that also take pictures of car manifest plates and then compare them against databases of stolen cars or license plates (Banlingit, 2009).ALPRs were created in the 1980s to fight IRA assaults in England. ALPRs supervise all automobiles entering London. In the U.S. the ALPRs were first utilized along the bo rders at points of entry. This fixed position technology has become accessible in humbleder, more sophisticated editions. At this time there are a effect of companies manufacturing mobile APLRs that can be installed onto patrol cars (Balingit, 2009).At the moment a police officer starts his car, the APLR continuously takes 60 pictures per second and influencees each license plate. As soon as a plate number is obtained, the numbers racket and letters are processed with OCR software (Optical Character Recognition) and compared to the selective information in another database to reveal a match. Although not advisable, the ALPRs works so prompt that an ALPR-equipped patrol car traveling at over 100 miles per hour can process the license plate of each and every car it passes in a parking lot, on both sides, and in total darkness. Furthermore the driver of the police car by no instrument needs to remove his hands from the steering wheel (Balingit, 2009).Mobile ALPRs are presently b eing used all over the U.S. and Canada. When other databases are linked, these ALPRs will brook police officers with all-important(a) information on the vehicle itself and the vehicles owner (Belingit, 2009). One of the largest hurdles in dealing with people from a different nation is speech. lyric poem limitations make a complex rail line of identification and interviewing more complex. Most law enforcement officers have access to some type interlingual rendition service, typically in the form of telephone translation services. However, this kind of service is not equivalent to employing a native speaker. Language translators will be able to fill the void (NLECTC U.S. 2003).There are actually quite a few varieties desktop, handheld/portable, and Internet. The desktop systems that are presently on the market do not necessarily fissure the finest in free form translation, meaning you can actually maunder into them and they will translate what you said into the language you ch oose. Due to the large amounts of entrepot required, these types of systems are generally made for use on desktop computers. This technology is not broadly accessible and the apostrophize is astronomical. Inside a few years the cost will decrease and it will likely be logical to think that an officer will be able to broadcast a suspect in their native language through a computer and in real time (NLECTC U.S. 2003).The handheld language translators that are functional today offer some speech acknowledgment capabilities. hand-held systems do not permit a person to ask any questions they want, but they do contain the ability to recognize customary questions asked by law enforcement and afterward play back a translation. Created for U.S. military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan these translators are reasonably priced and could undoubtedly aid law enforcement officers with speaking to people in various languages. Other languages can be added at any time. Translation devices have the ability to facilitate agency operations and to get it on down miscommunication among police officers and the general public (NLECTC U.S. 2003).Researchers in the U. K. are conducting biometrics research in order to assemble a database of violent criminals and evoke offenders (McCue, 2003). This database will use facial and contribution recognition systems to correlate with the electronic fingerprint and palm print identification system. Video cameras and microphones that are being used in public and concealed surveillance systems will be able to diagnose thousands of violent criminals that saunter by (McCue, 2001).The Pinellas County, Florida, Sheriffs piece presently utilizes facial identification equipment to identify prisoners booked into the county jail. The facial identification system is capable of taking four facial pictures in under quin seconds. The images are entered into the database where they are accessible to law enforcement agencies all over the realness (fac ial Recognition, 2004).Law enforcement officers face a big challenge when people provide them with false information regarding their identity. Knowing the real identity of someone they are dealing with could mean the difference between life and death. Until recently, there were very few ways that an officer could use to determine who an individual really was. MVD records could be searched if a photo drivers license was presented, if the license is legitimate (Weiss Davis, 2005).Facial recognition technology uses unalterable facial features, such as the outmatch between the pupil centers of the shopping mall. It then uses an algorithm, which is a finite set of locomote for solving a problem, to convert the image to numbers. The computer program compares the digital photograph of a face with the ones in the database and is able to identify a match, with the most probable match first. The police officer then decides which of the computers matches of the person in question. Facial R ecognition Devices can also be used to identify a body as long as agood image can be taken (Weiss Davis, 2005).Chapter 5 next Technology in Law EnforcementThe U. S. Department of defence mechanism research workers have developed a very unique coherent called (LEAP), which stands for Law Enforcement locomote Protection System. This uniform delivers ballistic, chemical, and biological armor for S.W.A.T. officers and Hazmat specialists. The LEAP uniform is made of a supple body armor that is designed to contain radios, otiose ammunition, hydration pouches, and other necessary gear. The ergonomic load-bearing belt contains a pistol, magazines, handcuffs, snap bangs, along with other equipment. The LEAP helmet contains a GPS system, radio antenna, flashlight, drop-down visor with heads-up display, and a detachable mandible to cover the face and neck. The LEAP uniform comes with boots, kneepads, elbow pads, and a waste way zipper (U.S. Soldier Systems Center, 2004). unnerve Aeria l Vehicles (UAVs) are unmanned auto pilot planes designed to resume a predetermined area. First created during World War I, robotic aircraft were utilized for signal practice on antiaircraft gunners. Currently UAVs are run by computerized steering or by an out-of-the-way operator, these devices are considered to be an important factor in near future law enforcement operations (Carafano, 2005).Recently, UAVs deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq have received significant publicity out-of-pocket to their capacity to identify and fire upon enemy targets. UAVs have the power to remain in the air for quite a few days these devices are considered to be a crucial force multiplier enabling police officers to keep an eye on emergent situations with a birds eye view by gist of specialized sensors and video equipment (Carafano, 2005).UAVs have been tested with a range of degrees of succeeder by federal law enforcement agencies such as the Department of Defense and U.S. Border patrol. The futur e of UAVs will not be exclusively available to agencies with mega dollar budgets. Restricted border monitoring committees including the American Border guard have operated cheaper versions of UAVs for detecting prohibited border traffic since 2004. Purchasing smaller, consumer sell products, these types of exclusive groups have employed UAVs outfitted with night vision that cost under $30,000 each. As more and more law enforcement agencies find chastity in this technology, costs are going to be driven down. In the not so far-off future, the currently used television helicopter will likely be re proposed by a highflying, ultra-quiet law enforcement-issued UAV (Carafano, 2005).The militarys development of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) could significantly affect law enforcement. employ nanotechnology, the police UAVs would be the size of a small bird and deterrent aloft quietly for several hours. Using facial and voice recognition software, the devices could scan hundreds of yards in multiple directions, day or night, for known felons or wanted persons. One UAV could do the work of several plain-clothed officers in unasterisked vehicles (Olligschlaeger, 2004).The new exoskeleton suit can be worn by an officer and uses nanotechnology and artificial muscles to allow the officer to run with minimal effort, over extensive periods, at a speed of up to 20 mph. The suit also enables officers to lift up to four times their body weight (Olligschlaeger, 2004).The most interesting human and computer relationship could be the Mind commutation or Environmental Control Unit (ECU). Scientists at the University of Technology in Sydney have developed this extraordinary device. It could be described as a hands free remote control. The device responds to human brain waves that are brought on by thought. When the wearer of the device thinks about turning on the television, the device will remotely turn on the television (Rice, 2004).Augmented realism (AR) is a powerful new technology that is being developed. AR will provide situational awareness by projecting images into a persons real macrocosm vision. This device could aide law enforcement officers in several ways (Cowper Buerger, 2003).Patrol car operator data and regional traffic management information on a heads-up display to make driving safer and more efficient, especially during pursuit and rapid response situations (2003).Identification Friend or Foe technology, worn by every police officer to digest or eliminate friendly fire casualties by visually, audibly and/or haptically highlighting fellow police officers both on and off duty (2003).Display of officer location, activity and status information project on a 3-dimensional map of the community (2003).The coordinated use of robots, UAVs and police officers managed through an AR network to enhance surveillance activities (2003).The use of practical training scenarios to simulate dangerous police environments while blending real world equipment and fellow trainees into the scenario (2003).For some time now, computers have had the ability to process instructions from human verbal communication by means of voice analysis software. The next inherent step is voice interaction, comparable to that of an interactional robot. Robotic assistants are vastly intelligent computers that make use of a gang of emerging technologies speech identification, vocalization synthesis, and amplified reality. The probabilities are to all intents and purposes endless. incorporating this device into an blank number of public and restricted databases, employing data mining technology, and communicating with subsisting law enforcement communications systems (Computer Aided Dispatch, GPS guided locator systems, mobile data computers, etc.), will create an incredibly powerful and efficient information management system. A police officer using one of these devices in the area could accomplish many tasks at the same time by moreover conv ersing with the device and dictating spoken commands (Cowper Buerger, 2003).Some additional technological advancement on the horizon include personal assistants, speech synthesis, wearable computers, data mining, crystalline body armor, electronic clothing, artificial intelligence and crime forecasting (Olligschlaeger, 2004).Chapter 6 Agency desegregation ResearchFor centuries new there have agency integrations, arguments over the idea, and endless discussions on the subject. The idea of consolidating over 17,000 law enforcement agencies throughout the U. S. into 1,000 regional agencies dates back to the 50s and was immediately rejected. outlandish Americans were not pleased with the idea of losing local control. Rural communities also prefer to have very fiddling government influence (Brown, 2009).Most small town police departments are comfortable with how their department is operated, the services they provide, and the local people whom they employ. They believe that a region al agency would bring uncertainty to their employment status and the nature of their jobs. The development of a regional agency would provide more services and better protection but this argument was also rejected due to the fact that small towns residents feel they do not need any more services or better protection. Nearly all small town communities feel their police departments are providing adequate service to the local people (Brown, 2009).Edward J. Tully (2002) believes there to be, seven main reasons why agency consolidation should at least be considered, they are listed as followsCurrent regionalization efforts among jails have been thriving. Las Vegas and Jacksonville have triumphfully merged police and sheriff offices into one metropolitan police force. Country wide based police forces have been successfully established in fast growing suburban counties (2002).Police related technology is extremely costly and the capabilities outweigh the need in most police departments. Computer technology is easily ploughshared but the desire to share information is rare (2002).The U.S. is rapidly changing in terms of demographics, culture, and economy. Rural areas are losing population. The number of people approaching retirement age is increasing. The U.S. is more ethnically diverse than ever before. The absolute majority of work has moved from toothsome collar to white collar. Crime rates have drastically increased in recent years. Our law enforcement officers have to be more sophisticated, more diverse, and more technologically proficient in order to deal effectively with todays criminals (2002).In this age of ceaseless litigation, the actions of one misguided police officer can result in liability to the entire agency. One impression awarded against a rural police officer could bankrupt that department. A regional police agency would not directly deter misconduct but would spread the liability costs easing the financial strain (2002).Consolidation of pol ice agencies would employ over 1500 officers and if properly trained and managed, could lead to a far more professional police force largely due to increased salaries and benefits, increased training, specialized services, and opportunities for promotion. The recruitment of highly qualified people would be considerably enhanced (2002).Police officers would have better resources to provide protection to citizens against criminal behavior, a higher quality of investigation, faster response times, and adequate man power for emergencies (2002).The nature of crime is changing. Cybercrimes, both study and international, such as act of terrorism, narcotics trafficking. These types of crime are beyond the available resource for small departments to investigate. Criminals realize this and use it to their advantage. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to involve the government in such criminal activity which reduces the sovereign power of state and local governments (2002).According t o Edward J. Tully (2002), There is no evidence that the lack of regional police forces is causing any hardship on rural/suburban Americans. deduction does show that this nations thousands of local police forces are getting the job done. The excogitation of bigger is better has proved true in our countries industries, commerce, schools, medical theater of forces. organisational growth allows for innovation, specialization, and increased productivity (Tully, 2002).According to OConnor (2009), The 10th Amendment of the United States spirit reserves police powers to the states, and both federalism and tradition have resulted in a fragmented police structure at lower levels.Government, state, county, and local law enforcement agencies are constantly involved in consolidating or establishing new police departments. Massachusetts has abolished a number of county police agencies and appoint their police duties to state agencies. In Michigan, a state police agency is usually assigned to patrol just one city or county. Consolidation takes place when two or more police departments are combined into one, and usually takes place in areas where two cities have grown closer together or one city has grown so large that it takes covers the majority of the county (OConnor, 2009).Chapter 7 Terrorism and Law EnforcementThe Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created by merging 22 separate agencies in one department whose particular mission is protecting the homeland. In order to be effective at fighting this countries war on terrorism, the DHS, along with local, state, regional, and national law enforcement agencies will all need to work together. What will be the role for police officers to play in the 21st Century peace keepers, antiterrorism specialists, community outreach agents? One criminal-justice futurist, Gene Stephens, states, Better educated police officers with improved people skills and a stronger grasp on emerging technologies will be crucial to succ essful policing in the future. (2005)Even the most optimistic futuristic thinkers in the field are finding it difficult how police are going to be able to handle the increasing rate of terrorism and cybercrime and still be able to fight, the also increasing, crime on our countries streets. Futurists in the DHS feel that success can achieved with better education, training, and mentoring. These three things will give street cops the means to fit into the new law enforcement structure that is designed to fight and bar terrorism (Stephens, 2005).The main challenge with this is that more than 90% of the police officers in the U.S. only have a high school diploma or GED. Police training in the U.S. takes three to four months to complete positively charged a little time performing on-the-job training. This short ladder in police training encompasses basic self defense, firing range, and field tactics. Very little time is spent on the skills needed to prevent crime and on improving comm unity services. The members of the PFI agree that police officers in the U.S. need more education and focused training in order to be able to handle high-tech international crimes (Stephens, 2005).Attacks on our homeland are performed by criminals both inside and outside of this country. Terrorist tactics are being utilized by criminals that are U.S. citizens. These criminals are usually recruited gangs or major drug operation groups. These groups are recruited by terrorist groups to divert the police, usually through vigilant acts (Stephens, 2005).U.S. policing is being federalized in terms of policies, funding, direction, and control. The U.S. government, mainly the Office of Homeland Security, is forming alliances with police departments and private-sector corporations. The DHS is looking into adopting policing methods and standards of other countries that have been dealing with terrorism for many years, such as England, Ireland, France, and Israel. These countries also demand hi gher admittance and training standards for their police (Stephens, 2005).Law enforcement agencies incessantly have issues with the information screen laws. Despite the fact that private individuals and criminals have been able to obtain and reproach the private and perso