Analysis of Robert Frosts Poem, Departmental Essay -- Poetry Robert F

Analysis of Robert Frosts Poem, Departmental Departmental by Robert Frost is a poem written in rhymed couplets with three beats per line (trimeter). passim the poem, Frost uses poetic devices such as personification, allusion, rhyme, and alliteration. The poem as a whole serves as a metaphor for the way humans deal with issues equivalent death.The poem begins with a description of a scene familiar to many, an pismire on a tablecloth Then the ant bumps into a day drowsy moth that is a great deal larger than him. The ant seems a tad bit jealous that the moth lacks the amount of responsibility that ants are burdened with. The ant thinks that if the moth were one of his own race hed chastise him and send him back to work. He take outs how the ant society is much more sophisticated and intellectual than the likes of the moth. Their philosophy is to learn about religion, nature, and space. The ant then being concerned with his own duties hurries back to his own job. The ant subsequent ly runs into another ant carrying the body of one of their dead. The poem goes on to describe the ants treatment and procedures of the dead. The ants are not taken aback by the death isnt take down given a moments arrest, seems not even impressed. However, word of the deceased is passed along among the ants, death has come to Jerry McCormick. They reflect briefly on the life of Jerry, mentioning that he was a selfless forager. The dutiful priorities of the ants then flush in when they put o...

USS MAINE :: essays research papers

In the late 1800s the American people and their government became more willing to risk war in defense lawyers of American interests overseas, support for building a large modern navy began to grow. Supporters argued that if the United States did not build up its navy and acquire bases overseas, it would be except out of foreign markets by Europeans. Captain Alfred T. Mahan observed that building a modern navy meant that the U.S. had to acquire territory for naval bases overseas. This would enable them to make a navy far from home. A country needed bases and coaling stations in distant regions, which was exactly what they did by having Havana, Cuba be one of its ports. Another grammatical constituent that was better of the Navys modernization was the USS Maine, which was probably the most famous ship of its era. The USS Maine was one of the Navys first armored battle ships. It was one of the first U.S. naval vessels with electrical lighting. It had a top speed of 17 knots and a crew of 392 officers and enlisted men. On the evening of February 15, 1898 the USS Maine exploded. Of the 345 officers and sailors aboard the Maine, 266 died. There were many ideas of how this volley occurred, viz. the ships ammunition supplies blew up, a fire accidentally ignited the ammunition, and that a mine detonated near the ship set off the ammunition. At the clock time Cuba was a Spanish colony, but it was in the midst of a revolution. The Cuban people were fighting for independence from Spain. During this Cuban revolt against Spain and the American battlewagon Maine dropped fix in the Havana harbor to protect American interests in Cuba. Many Americans regarded the Spanish as tyrants and supported the Cubans in their struggle. This immediately made Americans get going to the close that Spain blew up the Maine. Americans felt that since they were allies with Cuba that Spain was trying to harm America, as to not interfere with Cubas revolt against them. Within a motio n of weeks, Spain and the U.USS MAINE essays research papers In the late 1800s the American people and their government became more willing to risk war in defense of American interests overseas, support for building a large modern navy began to grow. Supporters argued that if the United States did not build up its navy and acquire bases overseas, it would be shut out of foreign markets by Europeans. Captain Alfred T. Mahan observed that building a modern navy meant that the U.S. had to acquire territory for naval bases overseas. This would enable them to operate a navy far from home. A country needed bases and coaling stations in distant regions, which was exactly what they did by having Havana, Cuba be one of its ports. Another factor that was part of the Navys modernization was the USS Maine, which was probably the most famous ship of its era. The USS Maine was one of the Navys first armored battle ships. It was one of the first U.S. naval vessels with electrical lighting. It h ad a top speed of 17 knots and a crew of 392 officers and enlisted men. On the evening of February 15, 1898 the USS Maine exploded. Of the 345 officers and sailors aboard the Maine, 266 died. There were many ideas of how this explosion occurred, namely the ships ammunition supplies blew up, a fire accidentally ignited the ammunition, and that a mine detonated near the ship set off the ammunition. At the time Cuba was a Spanish colony, but it was in the midst of a revolution. The Cuban people were fighting for independence from Spain. During this Cuban revolt against Spain and the American battleship Maine dropped anchor in the Havana harbor to protect American interests in Cuba. Many Americans regarded the Spanish as tyrants and supported the Cubans in their struggle. This immediately made Americans jump to the Conclusion that Spain blew up the Maine. Americans felt that since they were allies with Cuba that Spain was trying to harm America, as to not interfere with Cubas revolt aga inst them. Within a matter of weeks, Spain and the U.

Tender is the Night Book Response Essay -- Literary Analysis, Fitzgera

Fitzgerald accommodates various central themes throughout his impertinent Tender is the Night. In the novel we witness 1 of the main characters, Dick, regress from being a man of great social stature who is portrayed as an exalted person whom we idolize as a reader, to a man who loses everything and has his life decimated by the end of the novel. This constructs one of the foremost themes of the novel, Dicks transformation over the course of time. Additionally we decide galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) people for the duration of the novel who have thoughts of affairs, actually carry out affairs, and those who just have abounding thoughts of affection for members of the opposite sex. Rosemary acquires fondness for many different men. Dick actually has an affair with Rosemary, and Nicole has an affair with Tommy Barban. This initiates the prevalent theme of affairs throughout the novel. In addition, the way Dick epitomizes a pose public figure to many women in the novel is a theme as well. The central character in Tender is the Night, Dick Diver, starts out as someone whom we honor as a reader until his world falls apart in the end of the novel. Rosemary is infatuated with Dick in the beginning of the novel. Rosemary feels as if Against his hard, neat brightness everything faded into the surety that he knew everything (31). The characters in this novel are captivated by Dicks mesmerizing personality to be included in Dick Divers world for a while was a remarkable experience (27), He won everyone quickly with an charming consideration and a politeness that moved so fast and intuitively that it could be examined only in its affect (27-28). It is also expressed that Dicks attention seemed to paralyze (33) McKisco while engaging in a conversation ... ... she has never had a palpable father. Dick acts as that father when they are get hitched with and provides her with the same type of affection that a father would have for his daughter.D icks transfiguration over time, affairs, and Dicks embodiment of a father figure to women are all considerable themes of the novel. These themes help present to us the different aspects of this time period. Obviously during this time affairs were rampant among married individuals. on with that we see how women of this time depended on men to some extent because of the way Dick is a father figure to many women. Furthermore, they help us see how Dick is affected by his job and we see how dealing with mental patients takes its toll on him over the course of time. Each of these distinct themes contributes to the understanding of the novel as a whole and greatly assists the reader.

Influential Characters in The Trial and The Stranger :: essays research papers

Influential Characters The Trial and The Stranger How one character can influence the life sentence of another character. The Trial and The Stranger were both critically acclaimed since their published debut, though the books have their many differences they both deal with imprisoned lives going against society. In both novels K and Meursault had characters that influenced them in a negative and positive way, although none these characters had as much influence as the religious figure (the priests) did in both novels. However the priests in separately novel influenced the protagonists differently.In The Stranger the chaplain is sent to Meursault ahead he is representd with his death sentence to have him repent for his sins and change his religious beliefs, in other words, covert him to Christianity. However Meursault stands strong and tells him that he has zero point to repent, for he has not sinned. He does not belief in God and he believes that he is already receiving his punishment, there is no afterlife or higher(prenominal) judgment in Meursaults? beliefs. The chaplain is able to change Meursault?s mind, when he mentions ?how even the hardest of criminals stare at something at one pointing their lives and imagine a divine face in it? (Stranger, p.121). Although Meursault does not see a divine face he sees the face of Marie. This marks the turning point of Meursault?s life, for he starts to care for life something he has never done before. He is now aggravated to know that is going to die and cannot accept that which explains his rage with the priest. Camus? creates characters such as Meursault and the chaplain to contrast each other. Meursault represents an outsider and shows how life is, society does not accept those who do not act as expected even if it means that they would have to bend the fair play or hurt others in the process. The idea that Meursault does not care of his death sentence, as he shows little or no emotion of his mother?s death or of Marie proposing matrimony to him was of course is completely against the rules and ethics of society. Consequently he creates the chaplain to show Meursault how society expects him to behave, implementing the chaplain in the novel demonstrates how society acts upon those who do not meet the expected behaviors by society, it tries to change or covert them to the norms of society.

Achieving Visibility in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man, as told by the invisible man himself, is the story of a mans quest to separate his beliefs and determine from those being pressed upon him. The fabricator never gives his name in the story, which is shown subsequent to have great significance. The narrator is a well-educated black man who has been kicked extinct of his college, and lied to by the school officials. While wandering around Harlem searching for some sort of closure, he encounters a black couple, unjustly evicted from their home. A crew has gathered, also upset by the injustice, and seems to be ready to riot. Instead, the narrator speaks to them, and they rush the house systematically. This is his first avowedly display of independent thinking and action in the story. He speaks his honest feelings to a crowd, and is backed by them. The narrators actions, however, dont stay put so uninhibited byout the story. The narrator is later approached by a representative of a group called the s pousal relationship, who wish for the narrator to join them as a black leader. In the beginning his ideas are respected, exactly in time his superiors order him to follow their instructions, placing aside his own ideas and feelings. For a while, the narrator regresses from his independence, simply mental object following orders. He comes to realize, however, that he is being inhibit by the Brotherhood, desiring free action erstwhile again. The narrators will suddenly conflicts with the will of the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood essentially wants to act more pacifistically, taking a less dangerous approach to the raging will of the black people. Rather than rectifying the changed Brotherhood, the narrator decides to sabotage it from the inside. His actions doing this once again represent those of a strong-willed individual, alternatively than his previous conformist following. The effect on the Brotherhood is shown when many of their members begin to leave, empowered now to bands tand against the corrupted Brotherhood. The end result is a gigantic riot in the streets of Harlem, between different affiliations, races, and communities. The narrator, along with his briefcase containing items of his past, is chased into a sewer during the riot. He looks through his items and realizes he has been deceived and made some poor choices in the past. He burns the items, saying goodbye to his past and embracing a new desire to project himself, as well as his place in the world.Achieving Visibility in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Ralph Ellison, Invisible ManRalph Ellisons Invisible Man, as told by the invisible man himself, is the story of a mans quest to separate his beliefs and values from those being pressed upon him. The narrator never gives his name in the story, which is shown later to have great significance. The narrator is a well-educated black man who has been kicked out of his college, and lied to by the school officials. While wandering around Harlem sear ching for some sort of closure, he encounters a black couple, unjustly evicted from their home. A crowd has gathered, also upset by the injustice, and seems to be ready to riot. Instead, the narrator speaks to them, and they rush the house systematically. This is his first true display of independent thinking and action in the story. He speaks his honest feelings to a crowd, and is backed by them. The narrators actions, however, dont remain so uninhibited throughout the story. The narrator is later approached by a representative of a group called the Brotherhood, who wish for the narrator to join them as a black leader. In the beginning his ideas are respected, but in time his superiors order him to follow their instructions, placing aside his own ideas and feelings. For a while, the narrator regresses from his independence, simply content following orders. He comes to realize, however, that he is being stifled by the Brotherhood, desiring free action once again. The narrators will suddenly conflicts with the will of the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood essentially wants to act more pacifistically, taking a less dangerous approach to the raging will of the black people. Rather than rectifying the changed Brotherhood, the narrator decides to sabotage it from the inside. His actions doing this once again represent those of a strong-willed individual, rather than his previous conformist following. The effect on the Brotherhood is shown when many of their members begin to leave, empowered now to stand against the corrupted Brotherhood. The end result is a huge riot in the streets of Harlem, between different affiliations, races, and communities. The narrator, along with his briefcase containing items of his past, is chased into a sewer during the riot. He looks through his items and realizes he has been deceived and made some poor choices in the past. He burns the items, saying goodbye to his past and embracing a new desire to understand himself, as well as his place in the world.

A Look into Ernest Hemingways Childhood Essay examples -- Biography B

A Look into Ernest Hemingways Childhood Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on the morning of July 21, 1899. He was born in the house of his grand fetch, Ernest Hall, on his m some others side. Both of his grandfathers influenced the pillowcase of Ernest Hemingway as it developed. Ernest Hall, at the time of little Ernests birth, was widowed and living in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb around ten miles from Chicago. Hall was a stager of the Civil War, in which he fought valiantly before he was shot in the leg, but, out of respect and evil of killing, did not allow anyone to speak of it in his presence. He later tried to commit suicide with a gun he kept under his catch ones breath but was thwarted by Ernests father who had removed the bullets. According to Jeffrey Meyers, Ernest, who was six at the time, thought it was a cruel thing for his father to have done. Ernests other grandfather was Anson Hemingway, who had similarly fought in the War, and also lived in Oak Park, where Ernests parents met. The very nature of Ernest Hemingway can be cleanly divided into the often conflicting influences of his capture and father. Grace Hall Hemingway lived a bewitch career and almost achieved success as an opera star, being a fairly gifted vocalist, but vary both because she was proposed to and because the lights of stage bothered her eye (she had sensitive eyes due to a several month period of blindness set on by scarlet fever). Clarence Edmond Hemingway was a collector of coins, stamps, maintain snakes, and Native-American arrowheads, as well as an avid outdoorsman. He also went to college at Oberlin and became a practicing physician. However, his real passion and a good deal of talent aim in hunting, fishing, and outdoor cooking, and liv... ...e offers a brief and to-the-point biography of Ernest Hemingway. It has alist of his published pieces in chronological order, and highlights his life effectively while offering the authors person-to-person comm entaries on a number of more pertinent incidents. Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway A narrative. New York Harper & Row, 1985.Jeffrey Meyers writes an full biography of Hemingway. The textbook includes a number of stories to compliment the literal information. The Hemingway Resource Center. Ernest Hemingway Biography Childhood. 1993-2003. <http//www.lostgeneration.com/childhood.htm. This was the best online resource I found. It offers a good biography as well as giving a comprehensive bibliography (the higher up books included). It also harbors photos, and other interesting material from Hemingways life including links to his works. A Look into Ernest Hemingways Childhood Essay examples -- Biography BA Look into Ernest Hemingways Childhood Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on the morning of July 21, 1899. He was born in the house of his grandfather, Ernest Hall, on his mothers side. Both of his grandfathers influenced the character of Ernest Hemingway as it developed. Ernest Hall, at the time of little Ernests birth, was widowed and living in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb about ten miles from Chicago. Hall was a veteran of the Civil War, in which he fought valiantly before he was shot in the leg, but, out of respect and hatred of killing, did not allow anyone to speak of it in his presence. He later tried to commit suicide with a gun he kept under his pillow but was thwarted by Ernests father who had removed the bullets. According to Jeffrey Meyers, Ernest, who was six at the time, thought it was a cruel thing for his father to have done. Ernests other grandfather was Anson Hemingway, who had also fought in the War, and also lived in Oak Park, where Ernests parents met. The very nature of Ernest Hemingway can be cleanly divided into the often conflicting influences of his mother and father. Grace Hall Hemingway lived a charmed life and almost achieved success as an opera star, being a fairly gifted vocalist, but quit both because she was proposed to and because the lights of stage bothered her eyes (she had sensitive eyes due to a several month period of blindness set on by scarlet fever). Clarence Edmond Hemingway was a collector of coins, stamps, preserved snakes, and Native-American arrowheads, as well as an avid outdoorsman. He also went to college at Oberlin and became a practicing physician. However, his real passion and a good deal of talent lay in hunting, fishing, and outdoor cooking, and liv... ...e offers a brief and to-the-point biography of Ernest Hemingway. It has alist of his published pieces in chronological order, and highlights his life effectively while offering the authors personal commentaries on a number of more pertinent incidents. Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway A Biography. New York Harper & Row, 1985.Jeffrey Meyers writes an full biography of Hemingway. The text includes a number of stories to compliment the factual information. The Hemingway Resource Center. Ernest Hemingway Bi ography Childhood. 1993-2003. <http//www.lostgeneration.com/childhood.htm. This was the best online resource I found. It offers a good biography as well as giving a comprehensive bibliography (the above books included). It also harbors photos, and other interesting material from Hemingways life including links to his works.

A Look into Ernest Hemingways Childhood Essay examples -- Biography B

A Look into Ernest Hemingways Childhood Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on the morning of July 21, 1899. He was born in the field of his granddaddy, Ernest Hall, on his mothers side. Both of his grandfathers influenced the character of Ernest Hemingway as it developed. Ernest Hall, at the time of little Ernests birth, was widowed and living in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb about cristal miles from Chicago. Hall was a veteran of the urbane War, in which he fought valiantly before he was shot in the leg, provided, out of respect and hatred of killing, did not allow anyone to speak of it in his presence. He later tried to commit suicide with a gun he kept under his pillow but was thwarted by Ernests father who had remote the bullets. According to Jeffrey Meyers, Ernest, who was six at the time, thought it was a cruel thing for his father to have done. Ernests other grandfather was Anson Hemingway, who had besides fought in the War, and also lived in Oak Park, where Ernests parents met. The very nature of Ernest Hemingway can be cleanly divided into the often conflicting influences of his mother and father. blessing Hall Hemingway lived a charmed life-time and almost achieved success as an opera star, being a fairly gifted vocalist, but quit both(prenominal) because she was proposed to and because the lights of stage bothered her eyes (she had thin eyes due to a several month period of blindness set on by vermilion fever). Clarence Edmond Hemingway was a collector of coins, stamps, preserved snakes, and Native-American arrowheads, as well as an avid outdoorsman. He also went to college at Oberlin and became a practicing physician. However, his real passion and a trade good deal of talent lay in hunting, fishing, and outdoor cooking, and liv... ...e offers a brief and to-the-point biography of Ernest Hemingway. It has alist of his published pieces in chronological order, and highlights his life efficaciously while offering the authors perso nal commentaries on a number of more pertinent incidents. Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway A Biography. New York Harper & Row, 1985.Jeffrey Meyers writes an full biography of Hemingway. The text includes a number of stories to compliment the factual information. The Hemingway imaginativeness Center. Ernest Hemingway Biography Childhood. 1993-2003. <http//www.lostgeneration.com/childhood.htm. This was the best online resource I found. It offers a good biography as well as big(p) a comprehensive bibliography (the above books included). It also harbors photos, and other interesting material from Hemingways life including links to his works. A Look into Ernest Hemingways Childhood Essay examples -- Biography BA Look into Ernest Hemingways Childhood Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on the morning of July 21, 1899. He was born in the house of his grandfather, Ernest Hall, on his mothers side. Both of his grandfathers influenced the character of Ernest Hemingway a s it developed. Ernest Hall, at the time of little Ernests birth, was widowed and living in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb about ten miles from Chicago. Hall was a veteran of the Civil War, in which he fought valiantly before he was shot in the leg, but, out of respect and hatred of killing, did not allow anyone to speak of it in his presence. He later tried to commit suicide with a gun he kept under his pillow but was thwarted by Ernests father who had removed the bullets. According to Jeffrey Meyers, Ernest, who was six at the time, thought it was a cruel thing for his father to have done. Ernests other grandfather was Anson Hemingway, who had also fought in the War, and also lived in Oak Park, where Ernests parents met. The very nature of Ernest Hemingway can be cleanly divided into the often conflicting influences of his mother and father. Grace Hall Hemingway lived a charmed life and almost achieved success as an opera star, being a fairly gifted vocalist, but quit both bec ause she was proposed to and because the lights of stage bothered her eyes (she had sensitive eyes due to a several month period of blindness set on by scarlet fever). Clarence Edmond Hemingway was a collector of coins, stamps, preserved snakes, and Native-American arrowheads, as well as an avid outdoorsman. He also went to college at Oberlin and became a practicing physician. However, his real passion and a good deal of talent lay in hunting, fishing, and outdoor cooking, and liv... ...e offers a brief and to-the-point biography of Ernest Hemingway. It has alist of his published pieces in chronological order, and highlights his life effectively while offering the authors personal commentaries on a number of more pertinent incidents. Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway A Biography. New York Harper & Row, 1985.Jeffrey Meyers writes an full biography of Hemingway. The text includes a number of stories to compliment the factual information. The Hemingway Resource Center. Ernest Hemingw ay Biography Childhood. 1993-2003. <http//www.lostgeneration.com/childhood.htm. This was the best online resource I found. It offers a good biography as well as giving a comprehensive bibliography (the above books included). It also harbors photos, and other interesting material from Hemingways life including links to his works.

Solving Vertical and Horizontal Well Hydraulics Problems

A new generalized three-dimensional analytical solution is developed for a partially-penetrating vertical rectangular parallelopipedon well dissemble in a confined aquifer by solving the three-dimensional transient ground water flow differential equation in x-y-z Cartesian coordinates system for drawdown by taking into account the three principal hydraulic conductivities (K _x, K _y, and K _z) along the x-y-z coordinate directions. The fully penetrating screen case becomes equivalent to the single vertical fracture case of Gringarten and Ramey (1973).It is shown that the new solution and Gringarten and Ramey solution (1973) match very well. Similarly, it is shown that this new solution for a horizontally tiny fully penetrating parallelopipedon rectangular parallelopiped screen case match very well with Theis (1935) solution. Moreover, it is also shown that the horizontally tiny partially-penetrating parallelepiped rectangular well screen case of this new solution match very well w ith Hantush (1964) solution.This new analytical solution can also covert a partially-penetrating horizontal well by representing its screen interval with vertically tiny rectangular parallelepiped. Also the solution takes into account both the vertical anisotropy (a _(zx)=K _z/K _x) as well as the horizontal anisotropy (a _(yx)=K _y/K _x) and has potential application areas to analyze pumping test drawdown data from partially-penetrating vertical and horizontal well by representing them as tiny rectangular parallelepiped as well as line sources.The solution has also potential application areas for a partially-penetrating parallelepiped rectangular vertical fracture. With this new solution, the horizontal anisotropy (a _(yx)=K _y/K _x) in addition to the vertical anisotropy (a _(zx)=K _z/K _x) can also be opinionated using observed drawdown data. Most importantly, with this solution, to the knowledge of the author, it has been shown the first time in the literature that some well-k nown well hydra

Impact of the American Culture

Impact of the Popular American Culture Melinda A. Valdez Soc. 105 March 17, 2010 Impact of the American Culture There are many advertisements being held by the media and television commercials that affect the American culture.They do non just affect the adults but the children as well for instants, this week my children and I were watching the Disney channel and we byword a commercial of Chucky Cheese and right away my children say they want to go at that place, so to satisfy my children now I want to take them there so they could enjoy themselves and now I am going to have to spend money that I was not planning on and it might not withal be that exciting to them as it was shown on TV.In the past three days not only was I coming across pip-squeak commercials but make up products, red lobster, and movies that are just coming out, and when you see these they encourage you to go out and get them. These advertisements are not things that I have to have in life to survive they are st uff to pleasure me and to entertain me as well. Personally I know that the media has impacted my modus vivendi in many ways even though I am aware of the influence it has on my decision making.For example, the makeup commercials, do I deficiency the makeup more likely no but I see the commercial and see what it might make your skin look like and even though I know that they are doing it to sale there product it just looks so good that I have to try it. I honestly think I have more luxury in my house than what I really do need. Such as my television it is a cardinal two inch do I really need a TV that big, no but it looks nice. Overall I do think that the media and advertisement has a big impact on our American culture and yes we can say no to advertisements but we are more likely not to.

Environmental Issue Against Greenpeace International

Who do you c every last(predicate) when you witness a ship dumping toxic waste in the ocean, and a nonher ship doing commercial whaling? Or while traveling across states you happen to pass by a group of men doing logging activities at a forest under conservation? Or youve heard of a nuclear test being undertaken few miles from your home? If you agree comme il faut meet for your environment, youll probably be calling the Greenpeace International. Yes With this fragile earth already in cosmos for million years, it should need volunteers like the Greenpeace to protect its environment from further degradation.Throwing pestiferous substance1 in the ocean pollutes the water and endangers the aquatic re seminal fluids which atomic number 18 the source of livelihood of many families living at the coastal villages. Commercial whaling2 poses run a attempt at the tapering off species of behemoths in the ocean which ca employs imbalance in the aquatic ecosystems. Worlds remaining f orests are being conserved to help in the fight against railway line pollution and lessen the effect of global warming3. Nuclear weapon testing4 poisons the air and makes the soil unfit for planting. We all should care nearly our environment for our healthy existence including the generations to come.But while I agree with all the environmental protection, prevention and conservation activities of the volunteer organization5, this essay argues with Greenpeace Internationals worldwide criminalize of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on the following points ? The banning on the hire of pesticides like DDT has resulted to death of million mess in Africa caused by malaria6, ? The deaths and disorder annually, according to World Health Organization (WHO), brought about by malaria reduces the gross domestic product (GDP) of Afri ignore nations by 1. 3 percent and suffers economic termination by as much as $12 billion7, No less than the World Healt h Organization promotes the use of DDT in fighting the dread malaria in ontogenesis countries8, and ? United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Americas lead agency supporting countries in the African continent consume malaria, has significantly increased their budget for DDT 9 The Greenpeace International Greenpeace International10 is an independent, non-profit organization. Started in 1971, the group was initially an anti-war crusader who boarded a fishing boat and sailed in the lawsuit of stopping a nuclear test in Alaska.Inspired by their success in their first encounter11, the organization, closely manned by volunteers, is nowadays navigation around the world, going to remote parts of the globe, campaigning and standing as witness to the destruction of mother nature and going against individuals, government agencies and private corporations who are trying to destroy our environment. The approach is direct but non-violent12. Greenpeace primary objective i s ensuring the continuation of life on earth in all its beauty and complexity12B.They top educational campaign and information drive all geared towards protecting seas and endangered forests13. They are promoting the use of renewable energies instead of fossil fuels which are be to cause climate change. They lobby against the continued use of toxic chemicals and its im straitlaced disposal. The earths friends14 too strongly oppose the release of genetically modified organism into the environment15 and vigorously campaign for the eradication of nuclear weapons and its testing which poison the air.For the operational budget, Greenpeace depends mostly on individual supporters voluntary contribution s and grants from encouraging foundations. Soliciting or accepting financial contributions from government entities, private corporations or political parties are avoided16 so that its integrity, license, goals and objectives will not be compromised. The organization commits itself to non-violence confrontation, political independence and internationalism.In their effort to show to the world some of the environmental risks and in trying to come to effective solutions, Greenpeace International considers no permanent friends and adversaries17. Greenpeace International has been a huge factor in making the world a better and safer place to live. Its 35 years of protecting Mother Earth has led to the banning of dumping of toxic substances to underdeveloped countries, issuance of moratorium on the practice of commercial whaling, better administration of world fisheries as agreed upon during the U.N. Convention and the establishment of whale sanctuary in the southern ocean. The Earths Friends also succeeded in obtaining a 50-year moratorium on the exploration of mineral in Antarctica, pushed for the prohibition of disposal in worlds oceans of radioactive materials, factory waste and abandoned oil exploration facilities. The organization has also stopped massive driftne t system of fishing on the high seas and succeeded in their original mission of stopping nuclear weapon testing18.With the continued climate change, Greenpeace International hopes to get the support of more than foundations and individual supporters. They also wish that more people from around the world will join them in their crusade by reporting any activities that will put a threat to the environment. Greenpeaces Concept of Environmental Law According to Jamie Benedicksons book, Environmental law is depicted as a complex system of discordant concepts which are put together to enable man to fully understand the causes and effects of some impacts brought about by human activity.These concepts range from the main source of problem, down to the effects and the ones greatly affected, up to the possible solutions that could be taken into consideration. There are concepts regarding precaution principles that could be taken, as Greenpeace eagerly shows in most of its protests. This inc ludes how the people could participate, the possible sanctions given to those who violate these rules and many more. It also includes some experiments on their quest to find better methods to implement and dole out the laws for the environment, and how will the people react or interact with this body of law.This effort is all for the benefit of mankind in the future. These laws regulate their freedom, but are surely essential for all (Benidickson). Biodiversity. Environmental law earnks to preserve biodiversity in nature. This is to ensure that there is always a balance that the nature follows. If there is imbalance, there could be a great impact on the organisms living on the system, and this includes us, human beings. If biodiversity is damaged, there could be a tip-off in the balance and there could be problems like nutrition supply shortages, spread of diseases and more.That is why the Environmental law seeks to protect wildlife and marine species, and their respective habit ats. Biodiversity depends on these concerns, to preserve the number of organisms, to keep everything in order, to keep everything, every organism diverse. Pollution. Pollution is the contamination of some of the most important aspects in human life, like air, the soil and the water by toxic or libellous materials and substances. Because of this, the Greenpeace seeks to regulate the amounts of these contaminants, or as much as possible keep them away from our basic needs, like air and water.However, there are already laws on how to dispose toxic and dangerous materials so that it would not harm people. It also seeks to impart on the people on the proper management and treatment of this environmental problems. Conservation. Preserving and maintaining balance in the environment is an important concern in the Environmental Law. This is because of the various efforts from different sectors of the people. This is where the idea of Sustainable Development enters.There should be enough res ources left in the environment so that it could sustain the future generation. The idea is to be able to spend and utilize these resources without jeopardizing the future. The idea of replacing and replenishing spent resources are important to assure a future supply for the people, consequently, conservation and protection of these natural resources play an important role in the Environmental laws specifically against the issues being raised by Greenpeace. The Argument Worldwide Ban on the Use of DDT The use of DDT was banned in 1972 by the U. S. Environmental security measures Agency (EPA). But the ban does not apply outside of U. S19. Knowing the harmful effect of the chemical in human as well as in animal, Greenpeace International is pushing for its worldwide ban. The organization invokes the U. N. treaty on the so called persistent organic pollutants (POP). The treaty will cause the elimination of DDT which is believed to be the most affordable yet effective pesticide procur able20.While Greenpeace was just consistent in their purpose of eliminating substances that pose risk to the environment, the prohibition on the use of DDT should have been reviewed considering the sudden increase of deaths shortly later on the implementation of the ban. Malaria disease became widespread and millions, particularly pregnant women and children died in Africa and in other developing countries. The sickness and death also gave serious implication such as significant reduction in the gross domestic product and the loss of billions of dollars in the economy.With the ban in effect, devastation of peoples health and the economy will continue21. The momentum that the Greenpeace Intenational was able to establish as a result of their successes in previous years in many aspects of environmental protection is so strong that it was able to convince wealthy countries to adhere to the ban. Yet bigger and more credible institution are waking up in an apparent deep slumber as they started to provide funds in an effort of preventing the spread of malaria by killing the infected mosquitoes through the use of the banned DDT.No less than the World Health Organization began the active promotion of the pesticide DDT in fighting malaria in the third world. It took the loss of ten million lives caused by the supposed to be preventable malaria disease that made WHO spring into action. Wall channel Journal comments, It is good to know, WHO has come alive22. Another institution which came into its senses after long years of avoiding the consistent lobbying of some scientists on the need for an effective malaria master in Africa is the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Enthusiastic officials of the U. S. government have endorsed the increase of budget appropriation for developing countries in the sub Saharan region. The aid is intended to win the war against the most dreaded disease that hit the region. The budget will specifically go into the purchase of DDT23. The Greenpeace might have the momentum but it has to collide with the WHO and USAID if it wants to push its ambition to still put total ban on DDT despite the millions of death and the ruin of the economy. The risk that the DDT may pose to the environment, if any, may later be treated.Saving the lives of million of people region will have to come first.. What is the sense of having a clean environment if it will not be enjoyed by either of the dead and the dying? If the sick has already been treated, the shift to a safer pesticide will follow. Arata Kochi, WHO malaria foreman said, Among the twelve insecticides that WHO endorses as harmless for interior spraying, the most effective is DDT24. We take the necessary action base on observation and on the available data. DDT aside from being affordable is the most effective way of containing a disease.This has been suggested by United Nations health agencies but pressure from environmentalists prevented the use of DD T. The strength of DDT may have been incorrectly presented but studies point out that right amount of the insecticides used in killing mosquitoes will not be harmful to human, animals and environment. Insecticide may not totally eradicate malaria and its endorser doesnt guarantee its result, neertheless, keeping the people alive and healthy can fill about growth and development that will be a lasting solution to problem of poverty in the region25.WHOs decision to fund the use of DDT in malaria eradication has a negative effect on the Greenpeace self-esteem. The fight that they know all along, to have already been won, have suddenly rancid to be the other way around. But looking at the positive side, they can research and recommend to DDT users the right amount when spraying and the proper protective gears that have to be worn in spraying. They can educate families that clean sorroundings will not provide a breeding ground for mosquitoes and thus will save them from the dreaded d isease.USAID on the other hand had identified areas in the sub saharan Africa that need help. The assistance involves mostly of DDT indoor residual spraying26. Environmentalists suggest that the effort of USAID to eradicate malaria be focused on handing out medicines and pesticide-treated bed netting to families in areas with threat of heavy mosquito infestation. Greenpeace can now volunteer to distibute these drugs and bed nets in remote parts of the continent. Conclusion I believe DDT being a chemical can pose risk to humans health, animals and environment.I believe too that there are insects like the mosquito which possesses dangerous bites that can kill people. And that is where DDT is needed. In this case, there should never be a worldwide ban on the use of substance unless the world is declared as malaria-free. Selective banning is preferred. DDT can be banned in highly developed and clean cities where there is no place for mosquitoes to breed. It can openly be sold, bought an d used in areas like the African continent where malaria has grown into epidemic proportion.However, after the problem had been treated banning of DDT in the place can be proposed. If malaria is eradicated through the use of DDT, there is no assurance that it will not provide illnesses to people in the environment no matter how little the amount sprayed. Chemicals usually float in the air and may be inhaled. It can land on soil that can affect vegetation or it can mix with water which can be poisonous when drank or cause skin allergies when used for washing or bathing. The effect of chemical is not immediate. It may manifest its effect after 10 years, 20 year or more. .If the Greenpeace International failed to implement worldwide ban on DDT, it doesnt mean that they also failed in protecting the environment. They are right when they assert that DDT has its deadly effect in human, animals and environment. But DDT can also help in some ways. Like in developing countries it was able to prevent malaria. Experts claimed that if DDT was not banned, millions of people should have been saved. But who knows of the grand design27. End notes 1 This is strongly being opposed by Greenpeace International. 2 There is an existing moratorium on this type of fishing 3 Causes earths temperature to riseThere is an existing ban on all nuclear testing 5 Actually, I wish I can join someday 6 if DDT was not banned, millions of people should have been saved, see Milloy 7 see Milloy 8 see case Center for indemnity Analysis 9 see National Center for Policy Analysis 10 see Greenpeace International 11 that test was stopped and became Greenpeace first ever victory 12 but sometimes violence cannot be avoided, there are times they were sued and were jailed 12B Greenpeace International Mission Statement 13 Im wondering how rich they can be, most of them are volunteers and are not receiving any salary 4 similar to Greenpeace International 15 if they are released there is no way to retrieve t hem 16 they are serious about it. They return checks if they came from corporations 17 & 18 see Greenpeace International, Mission Statement 19, 20 & 21 see Milloy 22 National Center for Policy Analysis 23 see National Center for Policy Analysis 24&25 see National Center for Policy Analysis 26 see National Center for Policy Analysis 27 Gods designBibliographyGreenpeace International, Mission Statement, The Greenpeace Story, accessed April 10, 2007, http//www. greenpeace. org. k/contentlookup. cfm? SitekeyParam Milloy, Steven J. , Rock Stars Activism Could Be Put to Better Use, accessed April 15, 2007 competitory Enterprise Institute, http//www. cei. org/gencon/019,04632. cfm National Center for Policy Analysis, Daily Policy Digest, DDTs New Friends, accessed April 20, 2007, http//www. ncpa. org/sub/dpd/index. php? page=articleArticle_ID=12363 National Center for Policy Analysis, Daily Policy Digest, United States Takes New View on DDT in Africa accessed ,April 20, 2007, http//www. ncpa. org/sub/dpd/index. php? page=articleArticle_ID=3283

Dog Breeding and Society Essay

Dogs atomic number 18 known to be mans best friend. Cliche as it may sound like, dogs nonplus proven continually all everywhere the centuries since they were first domesticated, just how helpful they laughing decline be in adult male lives. From being mere allies on the run grounds during the Neolithic achievement to adored and prized pets of families, dogs overhear been trained to take on more and more roles in human society. The domestication and subsequent insureing of dogs began with their ancestors the wolves.During the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of human history, both(prenominal) man and wolves sh ard the same objective of hunting and gathering food, as well as the same enemy, the big cats. (Kreiner 4) Perhaps the humans at that time realized the benefits of having throneines on their team in hunting and tracking prey that they began capturing wolf cubs and treating them as pets to be raised as hunters. (Dogs and tribe The annals and Psychology of a cons anguinity) With the evolution of dogs into many different breeds, people have also come to realize that non all dogs ar the same and that is not just in reference to their physical appearance.In terms of benefit, nearly dogs proved to be better suited to specific jobs like hunting and herding. Similarly, an appreciation for the physical and tempera moral qualities of different dogs started taking root. From being mere canine companions, dogs started to be bred to fulfill specific duties. Dog breeding started to be a quest to find and develop the perfect specimen of dog breeds according to utility and genetics. HISTORY OF DOG BREEDING Since humans first started noticing the high trainability and utility of dogs, dogs have started to be bred for special purposes.These include hunting and retrieval of game, war machine and police service, guides for the blind, and erstwhile companions. (Dog) Dog breeding also finds its roots in the 19th century. Dog stock breeders believed that the public placed a premium on dogs of a specific size, color, physical, and temperamental qualities. This was proven true when the demand for quality puppies from dog breeders rose from purchases made by people seeking canine companionship or those who needed dogs for herding and hunting.Today the elite and prime examples of different dog breeds can often be seen verbalise cased and recognized in Kennel clubs and dog shows held both nationally and internationally. The year 1859 saw the first dog show in Newcastle, England where gauges focused mainly on working dogs and their skills rather than appearance. Dogs of different breeds paraded on floors sprinkled with sawdust and the judgement was through with(p) only by threesome men. Today, the American Kennel Club (AKC) is one of the largest of such organizations concerned with recognizing exemplary specimens and abilities of registered dog breeds.Various competitions for dogs measuring their performance level at different skills are done on mostly weekend events. The competitions range from criteria based on different types of dogs or skills such as tracking and following commands. (Baldwin, and Norris 1) There are three types of competitionconformation, obedience, and agility. The agility ring is the one many people are familiar with, where dogs go through various exercises and around obstacles, says Adrian Woodfork, a licensed AKC judge(Stokely 175)The conformation competition is said to be targeted at challenging breeders to improve the quality of purebred dogs through extra careful selection of breeding specimens as well as faithful recording of bloodlines, temperament and hereditary traits. (Stokely 175) Every year the AKC publishes a point scale that lists the number of awards available at from each one show based on the number of specific breeds involved in the show. Some actually view these competitions as perfect opportunities to learn more almost different breeds particularly if there are conte mplating buying a dog.THE NEW CAREER DOGS Dogs bred and trained for specific jobs or purposes In addition to the traditional breeder who turns out show quality or traditional working dogs for either altruism or profit, there is another kind of breeder who caters to a merchandise that requires highly intelligent and even-tempered dogs for modern purposes. Breeding Racing Dogs Kennel owner Maria Beck (Clarke, Wright, and Jones 250) is the owner of the Lightning Ridge Kennel in Kansas City, Kansas. It is from here that she not only breeds and trains champion greyhounds, exclusively is the only known African American woman kennel owner in the business.Of greyhounds, she shares The living organisms are so graceful. The excitement of seeing them race took my heart and I realized that it was what I wanted to do. Breeding Police or Military Dogs Dogs also contri stilled enormously to their human counterparts during wartime. In cosmos War II, the American Kennel Club and a group called Dogs for Defense got together some quality dogs for donation to the Quartermaster corps. German Shepherds, Belgian Sheep Dogs, Doberman Pinschers, Farm Collies and titan Schnauzers were trained in the new K-9 Corps between 1942 and 1945.These dogs would later end up saving the lives of thousands of men in combat by acting as sentries, partners and friends to the military or civilian guard on patrol as well as being scouts, messengers and mine-detection dogs. (Dogs and People The biography and Psychology of a Relationship) The K-9 program remains in place up to present time with dogs employed in police work of drug and bomb detection as well as search and recovery. We look for high-energy dogs that have a high fetch drive, mostly bird dogs, like labradors and golden retrievers, says Steven Buzzard of the westward Virginia Division of Corrections (Clayton 64).Breeding seeing eye dogs The high trainability of sure dog breeds have also made them suitable for other jobs outside of t he military and police force. Helen Docherty (PUPPY LOVE Ena Will 30) is just one of the volunteer walkers who work with dogs at the Guide Dog for the Blind Association in the united Kingdom. Dogs like German shepherds, Labrador retrievers and Golden retrievers in addition to the occasional Boxer and mixed breeds are trained to guide the blind and keep them company. Helen describes her experience asYou just have to remember that this dog came for a purpose and it will go on to do what it has been trained to do. The comforting thing is at least(prenominal) youve played a part in preparing the dog for the fabulous job in life it is meant for, with a blind person. Breeding for purebreds Purebred dogs (Dog) are the products of inbreeding or line breeding which just keeps dog mating within just one family bloodline. Inbreeding means that bitches are mated with litter-mates, while line bred dogs are those that are the product or mating between a bitch and its close cousins, grand sire, and so on.These dogs are usually bred to conform to the standards of a certain breed and whose bloodline and lineage (also called pedigree) has been recorded for a prescribed period of time. Kennel Clubs usually keep track of the lineage of registered individual purebreds in invest to preserve breed standards. Breeding aimed to diversify gene pool. Some breeders focus mainly on the appearance of their dogs without much regard for its pedigree. Mating dogs that are unrelated to each other through assortative mating, breeders try to solidify positive traits.This is also done when a breeder tries to acquire a lacking trait for his stock by mating one of his dogs with another who displays the sought after trait. Breeding hunting dogs There are also breeders who cater to buyers who need dogs for more specific and utile purposes. Hunting and retrieval dogs are just one of the specialized breeds that enjoy a niche market. So does sporting dogs such as the retrievers, pointers, spaniels and setters. These dogs are specially useful for their ability to track air scents. Ground scent hunters belong to the hound group made up of beagles, foxhounds and bloodhounds.Olden England saw a great demand for this particular kind of breed for their fox hunts and point to point chases. Other dogs that are held in high regard by hunters are the ocular hunter greyhound dogs and terriers, which were valuable in hunting burrowing prey. Breeding sheep dogs There were also breeders who specialized in working dogs that are used as herders or guides. This include collies, the German Shepherd and the massive St. Bernard. Ladies who wanted companionship proved to be another market for the breeders.Toy and lap dogs such as the Pekingese and the Pomeranian were elevated to emplacement symbols and cuddly playthings. Other companions were the non-sporting dogs the Boston terrier, the bulldog, the chowchow and the Dalmatian. ISSUES CONCERNING THE BREEDING OF DOGS Whatever the dog owners re ason is for breeding their dogs, the wellness and safety of the dogs themselves remain at a risk. In the article Eight Good reasons NOT to Breed your Dog by Dr. Elizabeth L. DeLomba, DVM,(2000) she enumerates the following events that aspiring breeders may not be aware of 1. not all dogs are built to breed.Bitches can die during puppy birth. 2. With the massive rise in pet overpopulation and the numbers of dogs that need to be put experience in shelters, there are just too many dogs around. 3. Dogs that are not neutered face serious risk of accidents as unaltered males have high tendencies and urges to roam in search of a female. 4. Unspayed females often attract unwelcome attention from dogs of all breeds. 5. Dog labor is not as unproblematic as some people may think. There are instances when dogs need C-sections in order to birth the puppies. 6. Puppy health and survival are not always assured.7. Not all dogs have the mothering instinct. Puppies can die due to neglect by their mothers. 8. Preparing puppies for sale wont necessarily bring breeders a wind fall. There are various expenses such as de-worming, vaccine and neo-natal care that are required for newly born puppies. Some believe that putt dogs in shows are not helping them either. While some may argue that the dogs enjoy the outing, there is the stress of performing in a clanging and often tight space crowded with both humans and dogs. Dutch consulting geneticist E. L. Hagedoorn postulatesIn the production of economically useful animals, the show ring is more of a menace than an aid to breeding. Once fancy points are introduced into the standard of perfection, the breeders will give more attention to those easily judged qualities than to the more important qualities that do not happen to be of such a nature that we can evaluate them at shows. Showing has nothing to do with utility at all, it is simply a competitive game. (Burns) There have been criticisms that some judges in the popular dog shows do not even know what work the dogs they are judging are capable of doing.Most of the awards are given to dogs that are beautiful and fashionable. Because of this, some show dog owners have taken to cropping the ears and docking the tails of their dogs for cosmetic purposes. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) is opposed to trimming dog ears for cosmetic and show reasons deeming it as a medically unnecessary and stressful number for the dogs to undergo. The AVMA has called on the American Kennel Club and other breed associations to ban dogs with cropped ears from dog shows. (353)Backyard breeders who join shows and obsess about(predicate) winning ribbons rather than improvement and breeding of the breed usually last around five years before the interest tapers off according to estimates by the AKC. This often leaves dogs who are beautiful but whose functions and skills have been greatly diminished. It is a sad but undeniable fact that breeding to a strict standar d of physical points is incompatible with breeding for mental qualities. (Lorenz 84) Because awards are given to physically perfect dogs, less attention is paid to thetemperament and intelligence of both parent dogs this contention has been proved by the fact that various pure breeds of dog did retain their original good character traits until they fell a prey to fashion. (Lorenz 86) In the article The Westminster Eugenics Show by jonah Goldberg published in the February 13, 2002 edition of The New Republic, he criticizes the way dog shows such as the Westminster has demoted the functionality and intelligence of dogs into just prancing for a beauty pageant. The problem is that Westminster does not judge breeds for those traits which rightly make a breed a breed.The Pointers arent asked to point (even though the logo of the Westminster Kennel Club has been a pointing Pointer for over a century). The Bassets and Bloodhounds do not track. The Otter Hounds are not tested to see if they could kill, let alone identify, an otter. And so on and so on. With the exception of a smattering of breeds who were bred to do nothing but either keep your hands warm or wait until some Aztec chef could cook them, not a single breed at Westminster is expected to do what it was bred to doAnother issue about breeders is the level of responsibility they are credited with in the euthanasia of animals who have not been fortunate to be adopted from the shelters. Just recently, the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) launched a billboard campaign against dog breeders and their patrons saying that breeding dogs diminishes the chances of those in animal shelters of being adopted.On their web site, the PETA claims that despite whatever good treatment the dogs under the care of breeders and their buyers receive, they cannot be called responsible breeders. According to PETA, if there is anything that dog breeders are responsible for, it is the deaths of the dogs at the animal shelters who could have been adopted had not the option of purchasing a puppy or dog from a breeder was available. all in all these issues however, have been strongly negated by dog breeders and owners alike. On the PETA message board itself discussing the new billboards vs.breeders campaign buyers have stated that if they were open to buying dogs without knowledge of their backgrounds, health and temperament- able, they would have gone to shelters in the first-place. (Whats up now Breeders? ) Similarly, breeders have posted their defense on the message boards saying that the dogs in animal shelters are the products of irresponsible pet ownership as well as uncontrolled expansion of the dog population through puppy mills and feral dogs that have not been either spayed or neutered. TRUE BREEDERS IN SEARCH OF THE PERFECT DOGNobody can take dogs more seriously than a true breeder. The selection and process of dog breeding is both an intricate and rewarding one. Before anything, dog b reeders assess the physical and mental characteristics of a likely breed of dog. These are vital for dog breeders are tasked not only with breeding and turning out physically beautiful show type dogs but also making sure that these dogs are sound and even-tempered. Everybody who has owned more than one dog knows how widely individual canine personalities differ from each other.No two are really alike any more than human beings are, even among twins but even in human beings it is possible to dive out individual traits and, by combining them, to explain up to a certain extent the different temperaments, though character analysis can never attain the grade of an exact natural science, owing to the infinite complexity of its subject. The dogs personality is vastly simpler, and it is much easier to explain the peculiarities of different characters by considering the development of certain characteristic traits, and their combinations in the individual.(Lorenz 19). The quest for the per fect dog specimen is an intricate process. Dog breeds and bloodlines are produced by mating dogs with certain desirable characteristics with the purpose of producing young that carry a combination of all these characteristics. POSITION While it is true that despite its noble beginnings Dog breeding has turned into something that can be exploited for financial gain, it is thoroughly irresponsible to lump all breeders under one banner. There are some breeders who truly care about their charges and seek only to preserve that particular breed.Perhaps rather than continually blaming one organization or another for the fate endured by shelter dogs, it would be much better to push for stricter laws regarding the sales and ownership of dogs as well as measures for neutering/spaying feral canines. As for the dog shows, it would be wise to remember that it wasnt the dogs choice to be there. There is a need to educate both sides of the argument as to the views of the other. They may both have valid points but too radical and extreme thinking can only bring more harm than good.There has to be some form of compromise. CONCLUSION Dogs as well as other domesticated animals have brought much joy and benefits in their co-existence with human beings. Whether it be for companionship or something more utilitarian, dogs have proven to be mans best friend in ways that other humans just cannot. People need to be aware however that the humans mandate of stewardship includes a responsibility to all creatures under their care. Humans are the stewards of their canine companions. affectionateness for dogs does not stop at simply feeding them.Bottom line however is whether human or pets, every living thing is entitled to security, surety from harm and respect. It is just a pity and a vast shame that dogs cannot talk and that they cannot be asked what they think of their status and existence in human society. full treatment Cited Baldwin, Cheryl K. , and Patricia A. Norris. Exploring th e Dimensions of Serious Leisure Love Me Love My Dog . Journal of Leisure Research 31. 1 (1999) 1. Burns, Patrick. From Rosettes to Ruin Making and Breaking Dogs in the Show Ring. Terrierman. com. Clarke, Robyn D. , class W. Wright, and Chandrika M. Jones. Running with the Big Dogs. Black Enterprise Feb. 2000 250. Clayton, Susan L. Teaching Dogs New Tricks. Corrections Today June 1999 64. DeLomba, Elizabeth. Eight Good Reasons Not to Breed Your Dog. WorkingDogs. 2000 Workingdogs. com 3 Oct 2007. Dogs and People The History and Psychology of a Relationship. Journal of Business Administration and Policy Analysis 54+. Goldberg, Jonah.Westminster Eugenics Show. National Review Online. 13 February 2002. nationalreview. com 3 Oct2007 Kreiner, Judith. A Look at Friends Man and His Dog. The Washington Times 12 Feb. 2000 4. Lorenz, Konrad. Man Meets Dog. London Routledge, 2002. PUPPY LOVE Ena Will Soon Be a Guide Dog convey to the Care and Training of One Woman. Daily Record (Gl asgow, Scotland) 2 Feb. 2006 30. Stokely, Sonja Brown. Gone to the Dogs. Black Enterprise Dec. 2000 175.

Income for College Football Athletes Essay

College footb all told supporters have been merchandising their jerseys, selling signature football games, and committing crimes in order to be able to feed and pledge themselves financially to survive in the real world. Student athletes dont have enough time on their hands to work during the season or during off season workouts. Its considered a year round pas seul due to the fact that in offseason, college football players in training to stay in shape for the return of their upcoming season in the fall. Football takes up more than half of their daily time each year. Maintaining a steady hit point average is often enforced because of the demands held by the football program. Should football go through income while on a experience? Football athletes should get compensable, non necessarily as professionals, paid e real game, but at least to satisfy some form of bills to help increase their monthly pay. They should be paid because college football players argon making notes based off of their performance, football athletes are compensated for free education while 70% part of the athletes dont however graduate, football consumes too much of the athletes time, and are exposing their selves daily to serious injuries that may lead up to a deactivate body or as far as death.College football and basketball for years have been the highest producing revenue sports in NCAA. More than $470 trillion in new silver poured into major(ip) college athletics programs last year, boosting consumption on sports, even though were in rough economic times. Most of the currency made in athletics revenue was because elevation in money generated finished multi-media rights deals, donations and shred receipts, but schools also endured increasing their subsidies from schoolchild fees and institutional funds (Berkowitz). Helping with the success of revenues in schools are wins by football teams and basketball teams. 6.2 billion was spent in 2010 on athletics at 218 s chools and spending grew by 3% while revenue grew by 5.5%. Money spent on athletics was equated to make a good amount of profit. Could this profit be distributed to the performers? In the years of sports in NCAA revenue, media agreements have created about 86 per centum of revenue while the other 14 percent was made from championships ticket sales.Where does the money go? It is distributed directly to the Division 1 membership. 60 percent of NCAA revenue is distributed to Division 1 members which, in 2009-2010, primitiveed to a little more than $433 million (where does the money go?). Some of the distribution is employ for particular uses, such as academic support or those that march special savant athlete needs. Most of the money is distributed to scholarships and sports sponsorships. These funds are paid to conference offices and divided among conference institutions. The common uses of the money would be for salaries, financial aid for student athletes, and adroitness main tenance and travel. Only some of the 60 percent is used for the athletes which pays for the tuition and living expenses. NCAA in the article Where does the money go? states that their revenue is relatively weakened part of the overall intercollegiate athletics fiscal structure. NCAA research estimates the college athletics spend about 10.5 billion annually.Overall annual revenue for college athletics programs is 10.6 billion. NCAA total expenses for 2009-2010 were 707.2 million. Schools are making profit off of the athletic programs and NCAA are just an helping hand. The schools are a big impact in reckon managing. fit in to khan, college football and college mens basketball generate professional level revenues. 757 million in 1999 were total ticket revenues for football and mens basketball. The publicize revenue from NCAA of all football, in season and off season, exceeds professional basketball at 2.2 billion. In the modern day, has increased by 8 billion. The university of Lo uisvilles budget has grown from 52.4 million to 68.8 million from football and basketball revenue. Even other longr schools, winning conferences, are making more from the revenue. Millions and billions of dollars are generated by the players, media and ticket sales, but few are give to them.Without the players performing, there would be no money generated. Televised games are one of the key contributors to generating revenues. In 1950s until 1984 NCAA exerted complete reign over college football telecasts. Randall Bennett and John Fizel present the analysis of competitive balance in NCAA division 1 College football after the supreme court ruling. overbearing Court argued that NCAA had been successful in preventing a power elite from developing in college football because of bigger schools being televised while smaller schools are at a disadvantage. The results were the winning percentages in conferences significantly declined in two conferences and increased in two other confere nces. NCAA control over television wasnt think on generate equality of playing strength among division 1 football teams.The teams with the most wins were highly focused by the NCAA in televising. Television is very important in gaining wins and more attraction Televising is more important than money as quoted by the Supreme Court in Bennett and Fizels article. Money is the NCAAs center point and though most of the money generated by the players, most of it is not necessary for the players. In addition to generating revenues, recruits and players are compensated for free education while only under 70 percent of football players graduate. Division 1 student athletes who entered college in 1994 were the ninth consecutive branch that met higher initial-eligibility. Student athletes who entered college and received an athletics scholarship as a freshman in 1994 graduated at a rate of 58 percent (NCAA). The data of this class of student-athletes continues the pattern set by previous cla sses of graduating at a rate one to two percent higher than the general student body.Student-athletes in the two classes prior to the new academic standards graduated at a rate one to two percent lower than the general student body (NCAA). These showings are obvious in the determined average football player who will graduate. What is interesting is that graduating is the number one goal as instruct staff and NCAA emphasize to football athletes. Overall, graduation rates for freshman class entering in 1994 were the same as the year before. This class equaled the rates of the 1988 through 1990 classes, as well as the 1992 and 1993 classes. In 1968 study of all Michigan state university athletes over a five year period revealed that 49 percent of team sport and 60 percent of individual sport athletes had graduate. In 1976, less than 20 percent of football players who entered North Texas State University graduated with a degree (Purdy, Eitzen and Hufnagel). 24 percent in that time were the graduating rate fort football players.Division 1 football and mens basketball players continue to lag behind in graduating rates among all athletes, but it has grown since then. In 2004-2005 statics by (division 1 athletes graduation rates) NCAA division 1 rates for all sports is 82 percent and football and basketball stand at 68 to 69 percent in graduating rates. It has grown yet still the average is wanting(predicate) to the standards stressed by NCAA and faculty. NCAA could at least boost up the income for college football athletes if graduation is a main goal stressed. Below three quarters are exceed in graduation rates. Football players are getting their tuition paid for free with an addition of 1,000 to 1,500 monthly incomes if they are living on their own. It sounds wish a decent amount, but when you break it down it becomes frustrating for the individual to live off of it. The minimum wage in the United States is $7.25 (Cowan). UNLV football athletes with scholarships receive 12000 dollars monthly for 10 months.The yearly salary is 12,000 dollars. So in reality, only 1,000 is received for each month. The weekly pay is $250. For one day, an UNLV football athlete is paid $35.71. The hourly salary is $4.46. Are we really worth this amount? College football athletes take four classes just to be eligible. In addition to the four classes, from200 to 630 is all football relation in during seasons. Lifting twice a week is mandatory. Study hall is also mandatory for new comers and those who have failed to meet the requirements by the NCAA. In a whole, all your time is needed to meet the standards set by NCAA. Passing all your classes include, studying (2 hours) and taking 1 to 2 classes a day(2-4) hours, lifting weights (2 hours), studying football, means watching tapes (2 hours), football meetings (2 hours) and football practices( 2 and half hours).Mandatory Study hall consumes about an hour of your day. In all, 12 to 13 hours is taken up by football da ily. The rest of the hours are used for sleep and break times. The full time schedules, planetary houseworks, practice, and travel for bridle-path games are big burdens for athletes to find other sources of income. NCAA prohibits payments beyond educational scholarships and specified expenses to athletes responsible for revenues. consort Goldman that NCAA restricts the ability of college athletes to earn outside income because of the time consumed by the sport itself. Even if a part time job is allowed for student athletes, it raises concerns about over-taxing a student athletes already fragmented time schedule and increasing the opportunity for boosters to make illegal payments to favored athletes (Acain). There wouldnt be a need for boosters or part-time jobs if NCAA could allow increasing the scholarship aids for football athletes. A study on football and basketball individual with scholarships, both generating revenues, say that they had less money.Ernie chamber, in Parents article, introduced a bill to pay college athletes but was lacking persistent. One of his arguments were that athletes are not getting enough money to eat and wash their clothes. Former All- American football player at USC who admitted that even though he was getting money from the grants there still wasnt enough because he was sending it screen home ( came from a poor family) to his family. He noticed how he was struggling to put food in his fridge and how the school was selling his jersey making money off of him. California state senator said it was unfair that mens division 1 basketball or football players do not receive at least a portion of the money that athletes have earned for their school and that NCAA has kept quiet about discussing these issues over the past years (Parent). If a portion of the revenue is distributed to the performers, food and other expenses would be easy access. Also illegal money would not be a problem if more was given to the athletes.Adding to reason s why the collegiate football players should be paid, they are happening their lives for free education with some support for expenses and hopes of making it to the professional level. A data of five teams from major college in the nation were surveyed during practices and games in the 1976 season. Data were based on during drills in practice and games of the season. The injury rate was calculated very high in 12 specific drills, practice games, and other activities. Practice games, drill that simulate real live game emphasis had the lowest injury exposure, but are the highest risk factor. Agility drills were calculated as the fewest injury rates. Calisthenics had no injury rates because its a warm-up drill that prepares for the body for the practice. The study, check to Cahill and Griffith, was to determine harmful factors to prevent in the future and in other schools. The drills that were calculated high are often practiced throughout football even till today.Head injuries are d eadliest results of playing football. A survey commissioned by the NFL indicated that it retires have been diagnosed as having dementia or other memory colligate disease at rates higher than the national population. Helmet manufacturers have begun on protecting against concussion by designing air releasing shock absorbers that could manage a wider range of forces than foam alone (Schawz). Even though it focuses on the concussion taken, it is still not effective in how the head postioned.Dave Halstead states in Schwarzs article, as advanced as helmets have become, they do not yet protect against dramatic rotational, rather than linear, forces.The position of the head is essential to avoiding head injuries and major risks. Major injuries in football could cost your life and productive time. A 22 year old football player at frostburg state university in Maryland died from head trauma sustained on the field. Dreks sheely died late Sunday at university of Maryland R Adams Cowley Shock trauma center in Baltimore. According to Castillo, a spokesman for Frostburg State said sheely had been participating in regular drills with his teammates in Aug. 22 when he began feeling woozy. He was being helped off the field when he collapsed. This incident of dying is not likely, but has had cases like this 9 times in high school football. Head injury cases are at large with those who are paralyzed.Rutgers defensive tackle Eric LeGrand was paralyzed below the neck when making contact with player returning the ball against army. Doctors says, in Rutgers football player paralyzed from neck down, that he will remain in hospital for the near future. Legrand was headed to the Hackensack University Medical Center where he had emergency surgery overnight to aliveness stabilized after making the tackle against the returner. Tight end Kevin Everett, from buffalo bills, in 2007was memorized when he duck his neck making a tackle during encourage kickoff. He was paralyzed from the neck d own with the same situation as LeGrand is in. These are the horrors and risks of playing football.College football players are struggling while the NCAA generates income off of their performance. NCAA distributes money thorough out the Division 1 members and only few is given to players.Even when revenue is increasing each year the same amount of money used to support college football athletes. College spends a lot on the athletic programs even in our declining economic times. As athletes, coaches and staffs stress the goal of graduating football players graduate at a rate of under 70 percent. It has increased since 1960 but it still doesnt meet the NCAA emphasis on graduating in exchange for their performance. Football players from back in the 80s till today still struggle the life of being a college football player with the financial aid.The amount of money supplied by the NCAA is unfortunately short for paying living expenses and for those who may send the money back home. Also m ore illegal attempts, boosters giving money and players selling their jerseys, that attract attention may be prevented by providing a little more to the aids. Finding sources of money becomes impossible because of the time that football consumes. Lastly, the game of football exposes football players to many injuries. Players dying to players being paralyzed are a risk that cost more than what there are given in college. wellness insurance may pay for the minor injuries, but can it pay for death that is the last thing in a football players mind? These are the reason that football players should get paid, in an increase in their monthly income.

Birth Control Controversy

Contraception is a critical issue for women of all ages and social class because the termination to have a baby impacts a muliebritys physical, mental, and emotional health. Contraception is also very costly and is an expense that a woman in the first place shoulders. Not every employers health indemnity plan provides benefits for prescription contraceptives and devices. A personal survey of 50 adults with varying types of insurance plans, asked if their health insurance plans provided reportage for birth control, sildenafil citrate, or miscarriage.Everyone surveyed maintain that his plan provides coverage for Viagra, a sexual enhancement drug, and abortion. The same survey showed that 26% of the insurance plans do non provide benefits for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved prescription contraceptives or devices for the solitary purpose of vetoing pregnancy (personal communication, 2010). Not providing coverage for birth control, yet providing coverage for other typ es of prescription drugs, services, and devices, is discriminatory against women and has a negative impact on an employers and the political sciences economics.The federal official government should mandate that all health c are plans provide coverage for FDA approved contraceptives because not providing them is discriminatory against women. Preventive Health Care and Finance Women that plan their pregnancies usually obtain pre-natal care and quest better care of themselves and unborn child. Moreover, women who have planned their families put enough distance between each pregnancy so not to put a strain on their physical, mental, and emotional welfare. This is better for both mother and child.Furthermore, to obtain FDA approved prescription birth control, women must first be seen be a licensed physician and have an interrogatoryination. That examination includes a Pap smear, breast exam, and screening for sexually transmitted diseases. Without the motivation of obtaining contracep tion, women may not schedule an exam that could detect, and treat, potentially life-threatening diseases. Early detection of disease, such(prenominal) as cervical and breast mountaincer, is vital to making a full recovery.Family proviso devices and prescriptions should be a benefit that all health insurance plans provide because more than half of the pregnancies that occur within this country are not planned. The United States has the highest rate of inadvertent pregnancies of the entire industrialized world. Of those pregnancies, only half come to term. The other pregnancies end because of spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, or the woman elects to have an abortion (Roan, 2009).With insurance provided birth control these statistics can decrease considerably. Lack of coverage, and the out-of pocket expense for birth control, is a factor in the high rate of unintended pregnancies because women are going without birth control, or opt for less effective methods for fami ly planning. Women spend approximately two-thirds of their lives in an attempt to avoid pregnancy, but still a majority of women induce an unplanned pregnancy by the time they exit age 45 (Vargas, 2002).Women are primarily responsible for preventing pregnancy and rely on prescribed contraceptives and devices because there is no effective form of over-the-counter birth control available for womens use. The most effective form of birth control, other than abstinence, is oral contraceptives, which is better known as the pill. With insurance, co-payments for the pill range from $10 to $50 per month (Andrews, 2010). Without insurance coverage, the expense of the pill can range from $20 to $75 per month. Over a 25-year period this could amass from $6,000 to well over $20,000 (Guttmacher, 2010).Therefore, women are paying upwards of 68% higher health care expenditures than their priapic counterparts (Zolman, 2002). In comparison, the only form of birth control use by men is a condom, a nd they are available without prescription and not costly. Pictured above are different types of birth control available. All, except condoms, require a prescription and are used by women. Photo courtesy of Dawn Stacey informal Discrimination Some health insurance plans exclude contraceptives because it views them as quality of life drug and not medically necessary.If a doctor deems a woman to have a clinical need for contraception, such as recurring headaches, endometriosis, acne, or irregular menstruation, an insurance company may choose to authorize benefits. However, Viagra is one quality of life drug that insurance plans cover without question (Vargas, 2002). Viagra is an oral treatment that a doctor prescribes exclusively to men who induce from erectile dysfunction. Covering expenses for one quality of life drug, aimed for the improvement of mens sex lives, and denying benefit of another quality of life drug, intended to prevent pregnancy for women, is undoubtedly discrimin atory.The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) sustain employers are legally bound to provide a full range of family planning options if other forms of preventive health prescriptions and devices are part of their benefits package. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 says it is unlawful when employers fail or refuse to hire or discharge any individual, or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because of such individuals race, color, religion, sex, or depicted object origin (Zolman, 2002, p. 8). Health and prescription coverage is part of the compensation and terms of employment as mentioned in Title VII. To provide further clarification, the United States government added an amendment in 1978 called the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), and it reads women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related to medical conditions shall be treated the same for all employment related p urposes, including of receipt of benefits under fringe benefit programs (Vargas, 2002, p. 9).The current regulations for health insurance governance vary and are subject to different protocol. The Employment Retirement surety Act (ERISA) is a federal law that oversees self-funded insurance plans. A self-funded insurance plan, also known as self-insured, is a plan that an employer provides and pays for from a self-established fund. ERISA oversees the compliance of procedure, such as providing insurance information and instructions on how to file grievances, however it does not require employers to provide specific benefits (Zolman, 2002).Within ERISA is a loophole that self-funded insurance plans have used to avoid following mandates that may be in effect through state legislation. Fully insured health plans contract through insurance brokers, are subject to state insurance mandates, and are not governed by ERISA (Zolman, 2002). The Equity in Prescription Insurance and Contraceptive Coverage Act (EPICC) is a federal contraceptive prescription and device mandate that has gone in the lead Congress on several occasions but has not been successful in brief into law.Nevertheless, there have been 27 states that have passed there on version of EPICC since 1998 (Andrews, 2010). However, requirements for coverage vary from state to state and self-funded insurance plans are exempt from complying. throughout the last decade there have been several casings filed against employers unwilling to include prescription contraception benefits. The first such case was Erickson versus Bartell. In 2001, Jennifer Erickson brought a lawsuit of sexual discrimination against Bartell Drug Company for failing to provide birth control in a prescription drug benefit package.Federal Judge Lasnik unflinching that Bartell Drug Company was in violation of Title VII and the PDA (HRMagazine, 2005). Sadly, the majority of employers who exclude prescription contraceptives choose to wait for le gal action before changing policy. In those cases, society loses as precious taxpayer dollars are spent. Employer Expenses Many people have the misconception that it is expensive for an employer to provided prescription contraceptive benefits and that the employer should be able to assign available benefits to help keep health insurance premiums to a minimum.A study conducted by the Washington Business Group on Health concluded that employers experience greater direct and indirect financial losses when an employee becomes pregnant. The indirect expenses include the employees absence for doctors appointments, fatigue, or illness. Indirect costs can also include reduced productivity, and the need to train another person to fulfill the pregnant employees position when absent. Direct costs can reach well above $10,000 for expenses related to pre-natal care, delivery, and one-year of infant pediatrics (HRMagazine, 2005).

Exploring the Issues behind Patient-Assisted Suicide Essay

Death is as ofttimes a part of military personnel existence, of military personnel growth and development, like birth. All humans need to undergo all these treates as they journey through career. However, goal sets a limit on our time in this world, and life culminates in finale. However, when we intervene with both(prenominal) of these natural processes, problems arise be try it intrudes in lifes natural processes. This is why, suicide is non just perceived as a medical exam examination problem because it also involves legal, ethical, social, personal, and financial con positioningrations.It is not just virtuously distressing for a physician, or any medical practitioner, to assist the uncomplaining to conduct this map because it negates their responsibility to proceed life, suicide also devalues the life of the patient as its fate is put entirely in the pass on of a human being to intrude with the natural process of things. For this reason, the debate over mercy cleanup position (or patient-assisted suicide) involves numerous professionals, as well as the patients and their families.The lines now suck to do with the dignity of the patients, the quality of their lives, their psychical offer, and sometimes their usefulness to society. For example, the patient who is in a vegetative state is considered dead by some solely not by opposites, and this case presents substantial ethical and logistical problems. The Oxford Dictionary of English (2005) defines mercy killing as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. However, euthanasia means much more than a painless death, or the means of procuring it, or the carry divulge of inducing it.The definition specifies only the manner of death, and if this were all that was implied a murderer, wary to drug his victim, could claim that his act was an act of euthanasia. We find this ridiculous because we take it for granted that in euthanasia it is death itself, not just the manner of death. How mess person administer a medical procedure to the one who dies in the closedown? If a person requests the termination of his or her life, the action is called voluntary euthanasia (and practically also assisted suicide).If the person is not mentally fitting to make an informed request, the action is called non-voluntary euthanasia. Both forms should be distinguished from involuntary euthanasia, which involves a person capable of making an informed request, just now who has not done so. Involuntary euthanasia is universally condemned and plays no role in current moral controversies. A final set of distinctions appeals to the busypassive distinction passive euthanasia involves letting someone die from a disease or suffering, whereas active euthanasia involves taking active steps to break off a persons life.All of these distinctions suffer from borderline cases and various forms of ambiguity. The focus of rec ent overt and philosophical controversy has been over voluntary active euthanasia (VAE), especially physician-assisted suicide. Supporters of VAE argue that in that respect ar cases in which relief from suffering supersedes all other consequences and that respect for autonomy obligates society to respect the decisions of those who elect(ip) euthanasia.If competent patients have a legal and moral business to refuse give-and-take that loans just slightly their deaths, thither is a similar right to enlist the assistance of physicians or others to help patients cause their deaths by an active means. Usually, supporters of VAE primarily look to circumstances in which (1) a condition has become overwhelmingly burdensome for a patient, (2) pain management for the patient is inadequate, and (3) only a physician seems capable of bringing relief (Dworkin, Frey & Bok, 1998). star well-known incident that VAE came into the headlines was when it was provided by the bizarre activities o f Dr.Jack Kevorkian in early 1990s (or Dr Death as the media have dubbed him) in the USA. Dr. Kevorkian, a retired pathologist, assisted over forty people to commit suicide in recent years in circumstances which were somewhat removed from regular medical practice. These people travelled to Kevorkian from all over the USA to seek his assistance in suicide. He assisted them, sometimes by attaching them, in the back of his rusting Volkswagen van, to his suicide machine, which injected them with lethal drugs when they activated it.Despite being prosecuted for assisted suicide on several occasions, Kevorkian escaped conviction and continued his personal campaign for relaxation of the integrity in his peculiar way. It was only when he moved from assistance in suicide to euthanasia that he was finally convicted. He filmed himself administering a lethal injection, and the film helped secure his conviction for murder (Keown 2002, p. 31). Of course, his actions aggravated discussion of the t hin line separating passive euthanasia, which is legal in this country, and active euthanasia.Opponents of Kevorkians actions state that he is practicing assisted suicide, which is illegal. Proponents of Kevorkians actions argue that the patients right to control his or her medical interposition is sufficient justification for assisted suicide. Euthanasia is Not Ethical According to Somerville (2006), there be ii major reasons why people should not allow euthanasia to be legalized. One is based on principle it is wrong for one human to intentionally kill another (except in justified self-defense, or in the defense of others).The other reason is utilitarian the harms and risks of legalizing euthanasia, to individuals in general and to society, far outweigh any benefits. man Mak, Elwyn & Finlay (2006) reasoned that most studies of euthanasia have been quantitative, focusing primarily on attitudes of health disquiet professionals, relatives, and the frequent. Pain is usually ident ified as a major reason for requesting euthanasia other influences include functional impairment, dependency, burden, social isolation, depression, hopelessness, and issues of control and autonomy.This is why, Mak, Elwyn & Finlay (2006) thought that legalizing euthanasia is a premature move when research evince from the perspectives of those who desire euthanasia is not yet proven to be necessary. They said more qualitative patient based studies are needed to broaden our understanding of patients. What needs to be done, they deemed, should be the inclusion of medical humanities, experiential learning, and reflective practice into medical education should help ensure reestablishs have better intercourse skills and attitudes.By examining ways to improve care at all levels, healthcare professionals can eliminate the side effects of poor end of life care, then euthanasia would not be needed anymore. In 1988, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a statement on its take about patient-assisted suicide when a gynecology resident agreed to conduct assisted suicide to a young person woman, dying of cancer, whom he has never seen before. Horrified by her severe distress, and proceeding alone without consultation with anyone, the doctor gives her a lethal injection of morphine.The publishing of this gynecology residents letter caused media hype and was feature in the previous issue in JAMA, where it was titled as Its Over Debbie (1988). This is how the JAMA took its position regarding the issuance 1. ) On his own admission, the resident appears to have committed a felony premeditated murder. Direct intentional homicide is a felony in all American jurisdictions, for which the plea of merciful motive is no excuse. That the homicide was scorely intentional is corroborate by the residents act of unrepentant publication. uprightness aside, the physician behaved altogether in a scandalously unprofessional and unethical manner. He did not know the p atient he had never seen her before, he did not study her chart, he did not converse with her or her family. He never spoke to her physician. He took as an unambiguous command her only words to him, Lets get this over with he did not bother finding out what precisely she meant or whether she meant it wholeheartedly. He did not consider election ways of bringing her relief or comfort instead of comfort, he gave her death.This is no humane and advertent physician succumbing with fear and trembling to the pressures and well-considered wishes of a patient well known to him, for whom there was truly no other recourse. This is, by his own account, an impulsive yet cold technician, arrogantly masquerading as a knight of compassion and humanity. (Indeed, so cavalier is the report and so cold-blooded the behavior, it strains our credulity to think that the story is true. )Law and professional manner both aside, the resident violated one of the first and most hallowed canons of the medical ethic doctors must not kill. Generations of physicians and commentators on medical morals have underscored and held fast to the distinction amongst ceasing useless interventions (or allowing to die) and active, willful taking of life at least since the Oath of Hippocrates, Western medicine has regarded the killing of patients, even on request, as a profound violation of the deepest meaning of the medical vocation.The Judicial Council of the American Medical Association in 1986, in an opinion regarding interposition of dying patients, affirmed the principle that a physician should not intentionally cause death. Neither legal tolerance nor the best bedside manner can ever make medical killing medically ethical (Baird & Rosenbaum 1989, p. 26). Indeed, the laws of most nations and the codes of medical and research ethics from the Hippocratic Oath to todays major professional codes strictly prohibit VAE (and all forms of merciful hastened death), even if a patient has a good reason for wanting to die.Although courts have often defended the rights of patients in cases of passive euthanasia, courts have rarely allowed any form of what they judged to be VAE. Those who defend laws and medical customs dutys opposed to VAE often appeal to either (1) professional-role obligations that prohibit killing or (2) the social consequences that would result from changing these traditions. The first blood line is straightforward killing patients is inconsistent with the roles of nursing, care-giving, and healing. The second argument is more complex and has been at the center of many discussions.This argument is referred to as the wedge argument or the slippery slope argument, and proceeds roughly as surveys although particular acts of active termination of life are sometimes morally justified, the social consequences of sanctioning such(prenominal) practices of killing would run serious risks of abuse and misuse and, on balance, would cause more harm than benefit. The arg ument is not that these negative consequences will occur immediately, scarce that they will grow incrementally over time, with an ever-increasing risk of indefensible termination (Dworkin, Frey & Bok, 1998).Refusal of Treatment When a patient refuses interference, the physician is faced with a gigantic dilemma. Doctors maintain that if the patient does not want treatment, physicians do not have a duty to start it. Once treatment is started, however, physicians have a duty to continue it if discontinuing it would lead to the patients death. They are not postulate to force a patient to go on a respirator if the patient refuses, but at one time the patient has gone on the respirator, doctors have a duty to keep him on it, even reverse to the patients wishes, if taking him off would result in his death.Suffice it here to point out one important limit a doctor is not ethically bound to assist a refusal of treatment which is suicidal, that is, made not because the treatment is futi le or excessively burdensome but in order to hasten death (Keown, 2002, p. 253). Actual suicide has been a felony in England in the past but today, suicide has been de evilized in most part of the world. Attempting to take ones own life, however, remains criminal in some jurisdictions.In these as well as in those states where it is not a crime, the state has intervened in some cases to order life-sustaining treatment in the face of objection by a competent adult. The most widely cited case in which this was done is John F. Kennedy Memorial Hospital v. Heston (1971), where a twenty-two-year-old unmarried woman refused a blood transfusion because she was a Jehovahs Witness. She was forced to have one anyway on the theory that there is no difference between passively submitting to death and actively seeking it. The state regards both as attempts at self-destruction and may celebrate them.Since this case, however, the cause of cases has been away from this reasoning and toward subordi nating the states interest in the prevention of suicide to the rights of patients to throw overboard or have withdrawn life-sustaining treatment (Berger 1995, p. 20). However, when the patient is terminal and death is imminent, no treatment is medically indicated, and the competent patients rightful refusal of treatment does not conflict with the health providers form of beneficence. There may be an emotional problem in admitting defeat, but there should be no ethical problem.It should be noted that, although the patient may not be competent at the end, refusal of treatment may be accomplished through a living will or a surrogate, especially through a surrogate who has durable power of attorney for health matters. In the case when the patient is terminal but death is not imminent, for example when the disease or injury progresses slowly, and granted the consent of the patient or surrogate, it appears ethical to disregard treatment on the ground that cypher can be accomplished in thwarting the progress of the disease.But it is not ethical to omit care, since human dignity is to be respected. To solve this dilemma, the AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs (1996) takes a clear stand on the issue E-2. 20 Even if the patient is not terminally ill or permanently unconscious, it is not unethical to discontinue all means of life-sustaining medical treatment in accordance with a proper substituted judgment or best interests analysis. The treatments include artificially supplied respiration, nutrition, or hydration.In its recent opposition to physician-assisted suicide, the AMA has strongly endorsed a program to educate physicians to the appropriateness of switching from therapeutic treatment to palliative care. The sort out has gone from a tentative, negative position (not unethical) to a much stronger positive stand (AMA, 1996). On the other hand, we should also consider the reasoning behind the ethical justness of not beginning or of stopping treatment in the case of the consenting patient who is terminally ill. First, the health care provider has no obligation to prolong dying merely for the sake of prolonging it.That is, it makes no sense to prolong life when the true result is the prolongation of the dying process. Furthermore, when treatment is only prolonging the twinge of the patient, its continuation is unethical as an insult to human dignity (Cahill, 1977). In such cases, the health care provider would be ethically justified in discontinuing treatment, except when the patient insists on treatment. Even in this case, however, there can be exceptions. When there is a severe shortage of medical resources, the physician susceptibility be justified in stopping nonindicated treatment even over the protests of the patient.We say might be justified, since justification would depend, among other things, on a new social consensus about the duties of health care professionals and on a reasonable certainty that a shortage exists. Ther e are also problems in discontinuing treatment when the patients surrogate(s) objects. It should be noted that cessation of life-sustaining treatment does not always bring about a swift and painless death, even though it may speed up the process of dying. For example, if kidney dialysis is discontinued, the person remains conscious and suffers vomiting, internal hemorrhage, and convulsions.The removal of a respirator does not lead to death immediately, and the patient suffers the pain and panic of suffocation. The obligation to care for the patient demands that every ethical effort be made to alleviate these sufferings with drugs and other methods that will not prolong life. Much recent research suggests that physicians are particularly deficient in their willingness and ability to provide adequate pain palliation for dying patients (SUPPORT, 1995). This could be one of the main concerns that drive the interest in physician-assisted suicide.Beyond this, when such pain relief is not possible for the patient, or when the harm is not the pain, but the insult to dignity, there arises the difficult problem of actively cooperating in the suicide of the patient. Religious Issues Several religions have a negative take on any form of suicide. Those who oppose active euthanasia on religious grounds, the basic concern seems to be the project that our lives are not ours but gifts from God. In this view, humans hold their lives as a trust. If this is true, then we are bound to hold not only the lives of others inviolate but also our own, since to take our life is to write down what belongs to God.For Christians, in Exodus 347 and Daniel 1353, scriptures taken from the Old Testament, the doctrine of the sanctity of life principle is upheld, except in rare instances of self defense. Judeo-Christian precepts generally condemn active euthanasia in any form, but allow some forms of passive euthanasia. The difference is that of omission and commission While the Judeo-Christian philosophy might tolerate the allowance of death, acts that permit death, it draws the line in regard to acts that cause death. For Buddhistics, they perceive it as an involvement of the intentional taking of life.This is why euthanasia is contrary to basic Buddhist ethical teachings because it violates the first of the Five Precepts. It is also contrary to the more general moral principle of ahimsa. This demonstration applies to both the active and passive forms of the practice, even when accompanied by a compassionate motivation with the end of avoiding suffering. The term euthanasia has no direct equivalent in canonical Buddhist languages. Euthanasia as an ethical issue is not explicitly discussed in canonical or commentarial sources, and no clear cases of euthanasia are reported.However, there are canonical cases of suicide and attempted suicide which have a demeanor on the issue. One concerns the monastic precept against taking life, the third of the four parajika-dharmas, which was introduced by the Buddha when a group of monks became disenchanted with life and began to kill themselves, some dying by their own hand and others with the aid of an intermediary. The Buddha intervened to prevent this, thus apparently introducing a prohibition on voluntary euthanasia.In other situations where monks in great pain contemplated suicide they are encouraged to turn their thoughts away from this and to use their experience as a means to developing insight into the nature of suffering and impermanence (anitya) (Dictionary of Buddhism, 2003). Nonreligious arguments against active euthanasia usually follow a slippery slope or wedge line of reasoning. In some ways the arguments withdraw the parable of the camel who pleaded with his owner to be allowed to put his nose into the tent to keep it warm against the cold retire from night.Once the nose was allowed, other adjustments were requested, and the owner found himself sleeping with his camel. Is there something so persuasive about putting others to death that, if allowed, would become gross and commonplace? The Nazi final solution, which brought about the death of millions of Jews, gypsies, and other eastern Europeans, could be traced to compulsory euthanasia legislation that, at the time of its enactment, included only mental cases, monstrosities, and incurables who were a burden of the state.Using the Nazi experience as a guide, critics of active euthanasia do see some seductiveness to killing that humans do not seem able to handle. Perhaps Sigmund Freud (1925) was right as he wrote What no human soul desires there is no need to prohibit it is mechanically excluded. The very emphasis of the commandment Thou shalt not kill makes it certain that we spring from an endless source of murderers, with whom the lust for killing was in the blood, as possibly it is to this day with ourselves. The religious take on euthanasia often focus on the sanctity/inviolability of life.In Western thought, the development of the principle has owed much to the Judaeo-Christian tradition. That traditions doctrine of the sanctity of life holds that human life is created in the image of God and is, therefore, have of an inborn dignity which entitles it to protection from unjust attack. With or without this theological underpinning, the doctrine that human life possesses an intrinsic dignity grounds the principle that one must never intentionally kill an innocent human being. The right to life is essentially a right not to be intentionally killed (Keown, 2002, p. 40).